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61sT Congress \ ot->t . tt? ■ / Document 

Sd Session [ ^'tfsAlJi | No. 671 



PARTICIPATION IN THE ALASKA- 
YUKON-PACIFIG EXPOSITION 



MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE 
UNITED STATES, TRANSMITTING THE RE- 
PORT OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERN- 
MENT BOARD OF MANAGERS OF THE 
GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION IN THE 
ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION 



December 7, 1910. — Read; referred to the Committee on Industrial 
Expositions and ordered to be printed with illustrations 



WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
1911 



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u- 



61sT Congress 1 

3d Session J 



SENATE 



r Document 
I No. 671 



PARTICIPATION IN THE ALASKA- 
YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION 



7'c2 to 

7^ 



MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE 
UNITED STATES, TRANSMITTING THE RE- 
PORT OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERN- 
MENT BOARD OF MANAGERS OF THE 
GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION IN THE 
ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIO EXPOSITION 






^.A-A.»S-*-TA-**- - «d"^rfi- 



Decemeee 7, 1910. — Read; referred to the Committee on Industrial 
Expositions and ordered to be printed with illustrations 



WASHINGTON 

GOVEENMENT FEINTING OFFICE 
1911 



■^ 



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15 :3U 



To the Senate and House of Representatives: 

I transmit herewith, for the information of the Congress, the 
report of the United States Government board of managers of the 
Government participation in the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition, 
held at Seattle, Wash., June 1 to October 16, 1909, inclusive, and 
call the attention of the Congress to the recommendation of the 
board as to printing the report. 

Wm. H. Taft. 

The White House, December 7, 1910. 

3 



Washington, D. C, May 1, 1910. 
Sir: There is transmitted herewith a report of the Government 
participation in the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition, hekl at Seattle, 
Wash., June 1 to October 16, 1909, inclusive. 

It is recommended by the United States Government board of 
managers that if the report is pubHshed as a public document the 
illustrations be included. If it should be so published, it is recom- 
mended that a sufEcient sum be authorized from the unexpended 
balance remaining in the appropriation of $200,000 for the expenses 
of a Government exhibit to cover the expense of printing 2,000 
copies — 500 copies for the Senate, 1,000 for the House of Represent- 
atives, and 500 for distribution to public libraries throughout the 
country. 

Respectfully, Jesse E. Wilson, 

W. DE C. Ravenel, 
Wm. M. Geddes, 
XJnited States Government Board of Managers. 
The President op the United States. 

5 



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REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BOARD 

OF MANAGERS, ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC 

EXPOSITION, SEATTLE, WASH., 

1909. 



I 



REPORT OF THE BOARD OF MANAGERS. 



The conception of an international exposition at Seattle, Wash., 
to exploit the resources of the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific territory was 
■wisdom personified, in view of the results achieved. This great 
commercial seaport on Puget Sound afforded the means and the 
occasion the opportunity to make known and foster the vast impor- 
tance of trade in the Pacific and great Northwest country. It meant 
to symboUze all this, and more — to open the door to a new world of 
enterprise and activity and awaken renewed interest in the wondrous 
resources of a section of the country that has already contributed 
milUons to the wealth of the United States and the world. Within 
a radius of 1,000 miles of Seattle over 8,000,000 people abide, and 
achievements of the Western Hemisphere could nowhere be more 
satisfactorily exemplified than in the Pacific Northwest. 

Adjacent to the city, on the beautiful campus grounds of the Wash- 
ington State University, a site of 250 acres of ground was selected. 
Situate between two beautiful lakes. Lake Union and Lake Washing- 
ton, with the Puget Sound in sight, the grounds were unsurpassed 
in water front, while tall and stately pines, commanding mountains, 
entrancing vistas, and sloping terraces made a picturesque scene of 
natural beauty that only required a few touches of man to adorn. 

The enlistment and activity of the State of Washington and the 
city of Seattle in the enterprise were manifest from the beg inni ng 
and of that kind that does things. By a special act of the legislature 
of the State of Washington the corporate body, known as the Alaska- 
Yukon-Pacific Exposition Company, was encouraged to go ahead 
with the enterprise; the city of Seattle within one day subscribed 
for and added over half a mdhon dollars to the enterprise. It was 
on this showing that the United States Government later, by special 
act of Congress, made provision to be represented in a display of 
exhibits showing the resources of Alaska, the Hawaiian Islands, and 
the Phifippine Islands, and such other exhibits as would afford a 
■ means to illustrate the principal functions and their educational 
value in connection with the development of commerce in the coun- 
tries bordering on the Pacific Ocean, the preservation of forests, 
reclamation and irrigation of arid lands, and such other matters as 
would impart a knowledge of the national history, especially that 
of Alaska, Hawaii, the Philippine Islands, and that part of the 
United States west of the Rocky Mountains. 

The Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition was incorporated under 

date of May 8, 1906, and capitalized for $500,000, which capitalization 

was later increased to $800,000. The following ofiicers were elected: 

J. E. Chilberg, president; John H. McGraw, R. A. BaUinger, and 

A. S. Kerry, vice presidents; I. A. Nadeau, director general; W. M. 

Sheffield, secretary; C. R. Collins, treasurer; and John W. Roberts, 

counsel. 

9 



1 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 

It also appears that in the furtherance of the exposition the Legis- 
lature of the State of Washington provided for the sale of certain 
shore lands of Lakes Washington and Union in front of the city of 
Seattle; that the sum of S400,000 was thus appropriated for exhibits, 
and 1600,000 was appropriated to be expended by the board of 
regents of the State University in the construction of certain build- 
ings for the school, and the board of regents was instructed to turn 
over these buildings to the exposition company for its use during 
the exposition. Also the lease of 250 acres of the university grounds, 
in consideration of which the exposition company agreed to dehver 
to the university at the close of the exposition all buildings which 
it might erect and all improvements made on the site. At the close 
of the exposition the State took over the life-saving station for a 
boathouse, and the Philippine building erected by the Government, 
for which the latter was reimbursed. 

APPROPRIATION FOR GOVERNMENT EXHIBIT. 

That the Government might- participate in the Alaska- Yukon- 
Pacific Exposition, with an exhibit showing its resources, a pro- 
vision was made in Public Act No. 141, approved May 27, 1908, as 
follows : 

Sec. 10. That all articles that shall be imported from foreign countries for the sole 
purposes of exhibition at the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition, to be held at Seattle, 
State of Washington, in the year nineteen hundred and nine, upon which there shall 
be a tariff or customs duty shall be admitted free of the payment of duty, customs 
fees, or charges, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall pre- 
scribe; but it shall be lawful at any time during the exposition to sell for delivery 
at the close thereof any goods or property imported for and actually on exhibition 
in the exposition buildings or on the grounds, subject to such regulations for the 
security of the revenue and for the collection of import duties as the Secretary of 
the Treasury may prescribe: Provided, That all such articles when sold or with- 
drawn for consumption or use in the United States shall be subject to the duty, if 
any, imposed upon such articles by the revenue laws in force at the date of with- 
drawal; and on articles which shall have suffered diminution or deterioration from 
incidental handling and necessary exposure the duty, if paid, shall be assessed ac- 
cording to the appraised value at the time of withdrawal for consumption or use, 
and the penalties prescribed by law shall be enforced against any person guilty of 
any illegal sale, use, or withdrawal. 

Sec. 11. That there shall be exhibited at said exposition by the Government of 
the United States from the Smithsonian Institution and the National Museum such 
articles and material of an historical nature as will impart a knowledge of our national 
history, especially that of Alaska, Hawaii, and the Philippine Islands and that part of 
the United States west of the Rocky Mountains. There shall be exhibited from the 
Executive Departments of the United States such exhibits as will illustrate their 
principal administrative functions and their educational value in connection with the 
development of commerce in the countries bordering upon the Pacific Ocean; the 
preservation of forests; the reclamation and irrigation of arid and semiarid lands; the 
improving and enlarging of transportation facilities and the safeguards of navigation; 
and the economic value of the investigations and operations of the Government with 
reference to public health, geology, experiment stations, coast and geodetic survey, 
and public roads. To secure a complete and harmonious arrangement of such Govern- 
ment exhibit a United States Government board of managers is hereby authorized to 
be appointed to be charged with the selection, purchase, preparation, transportation, 
arrangement, safe-keeping, exhibition and return of such articles and materials as the 
heads of the several departments, the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, the 
Superintendent of the National Museum, respectively, decide shall be embraced in the 
Government exhibit herein authorized. The President of the United States may also 
designate additional articles of peculiar interest for exhibition in connection with the 
said Government exhibit. Said Government board of managers shall be composed of 
three persons now in the employ of the Government and shall be apppointed by the 
President, one of whom shall be designated by the President as chairman of the said 



ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC KXPOSITION. 11 

board and one as secretary and disbursing officer. The members of said Government 
board, with, other officers and employees of the Government who may be detailed to 
assist them, including officers of the Army and Navy, shall receive no compensation 
in addition to their regular salaries, but they shall be allowed their actual and neces- 
sary traveling expenses, together with a per diem in lieu of subsistence, to be fixed by 
the Secretary of the Treasury, while necessarily absent from their homes engaged upon 
the business of the board. Officers of the Army and Navy shall receive said allowance 
in lieu of the subsistence and mileage now allowed by law; and the Secretary of War 
and the Secretary of the Navy may, in their discretion, detail retired Army or Navy 
officers for such duty. Any provision of law which may prohibit the detail of persons 
in the employ of the United States to other service than that which they customarily 
perform shall not apply to persons detailed for duty in connection with said Alaska- 
Yukon-Pacific Exposition. Employees of the board not otherwise employed by the 
Government shall be entitled to such compensation as the board may determine, and 
such employees may be selected and appointed by said board. The disbursing 
officer shall give bond in such sum as the Secretary of the Treasury may determine 
for the faithful performance of his duties, said bond to be approved by said Secretary. 
The Secretary of the Treasury shall advance to said officer from time to time, under 
such regulations as he may prescribe, a sum of money from the appropriation for the 
Government exhibit herein authorized, not exceeding at any one time Ihree-fourtha 
of the penalty of his bond, to enable him to pay the expenses of said exhibit as author- 
ized by the United States Government board herein created. The Secretary of the 
Treasury is hereby authorized and directed to place on exhibition in connection with 
the exhibit of his department, upon such grounds as shall be allotted for this purpose, 
one of the life-saving stations authorized to be constructed on the Pacific coast of the 
United States by existing law, and to cause the same to be fully equipped with all 
apparatus, furniture, and appliances now in use in life-saving stations in the United 
States. The Secretary of Commerce and Labor is hereby authorized and directed 
to place on exhibition, in connection with the exhibit of his department, in such build- 
ing or aquarium as shall be allotted for this purpose, a complete exhibit of the fish and 
fisheries of the United States, paying special attention to the fish and fisheries of the 
Pacific Ocean, with a view to demonstrating, in the fullest manner possible, the 
economic value of such fish and fisheries: Provided, That the cost of said exhibit herein 
authorized, including the selection, purchase, preparation, transportation, arrange- 
ment, safe-keeping, exhibition, and return of the articles and materials so exhibited, 
shall not exceed the sum of two hundred thousand dollars, which sum, or so much 
thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated out of any money in the Treasury 
not otherwise appropriated. 

Sec. 12. That the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized and directed to aid 
the people of the District of Alaska and of the Temtory of Hawaii in providing and 
maintaining appropriate and creditable exhibits of the products and resources of 
Alaska and Hawaii at the said Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition, and for that pur- 
pose he is authorized to appoint one or more persons to supervise the selection, pur- 
chase, preparation, transportation, arrangement, installation, safe-keeping, exhibition, 
and return of such articles as maybe exhibited from said Territories at said exposition: 
Provided, That the total expenditure for said exhibit for said District of Alaska on the 
part of the Government, including such selection, purchase, preparation, transporta- 
tion, arrangement, installation, safe-keeping, exhibition, and return of the articles so 
exhibited, shall not exceed the sum of one hundred thousand dollars, which sum, or 
so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated out of any money in the 
Treasury not otherwise appropriated : And provided further, That the total expenditure 
for said exhibit for the Territory of Hawaii on the part of the Government, including 
such selection, purchase, preparation, transportation, arrangement, installation, safe- 
keeping, exhibition, and return of the articles so exhibited, shall not exceed the sum 
of twenty-five thousand dollars, which sum, or so much thereof as may be necessary, 
is hereby appropriated out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated. 

Sec. 13. That the Secretary of War is hereby authorized and directed to aid the 
people of the Philippine Islands in providing and maintaining an appropriate and 
creditable exhibit of the products and resources of the Philippine Islands at the said 
Alaaka-Yuk on- Pacific Exposition, and for that purpose he is authorized to appoint 
one or more persons to supervise the selection, purchase, preparation, transportation, 
arrangement, installation, safe-keeping, exhibition, and return of such articles as 
may be exhibited from said Philippine Islands at said exposition: Provided, That the 
total expenditures for said exhibit on the part of the Government, including such 
selection, purchase, preparation, transportation, arrangement, installation, safe- 
keeping, exhibition, and return of the articles so exhibited, shall not exceed the 



12 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 

sum of twenty-five thousand dollars, which sum, or so much thereof as may be neces- 
sary, is hereby appropriated out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appro- 
priated. 

Sec. 14. That the Secretary of the Treasury shall cause suitable buildings to be 
erected on the site of the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition for said Government 
exhibit, including an irrigation and biograph building; also a fisheries building com- 
plete, with mechanical apparatus; also buildings for the exhibits of the District of 
Alaska, the Territory of Hawaii, and the Philippine Islands; also buildings for such 
other purposes in connection with the e.xhibits herein authorized as in the judgment 
of the Secretary of the Treasury may be necessary. Said buildings shall be erected 
from plans prepared by the Supervising Architect of the Treasury, to be approved 
by the Secretary of the Treasury, and the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby author- 
ized and directed to contract for said buildings in the same manner and under the 
same regulations as for other public buildings of the United States, but the contract 
for said buildings, including the preparation of ground therefor and the approaches 
thereto, and the interior and exterior decorative wiring and lighting thereof shall not 
exceed the sum of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, which sum, or so much 
thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated out of any money in the Treasury 
not otherwise appropriated. The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and required 
to dispose of said buildings, or the materials composing the same, at the close of the 
exposition, giving preference to the State of Washington or to the Alaska- Yukon- 
Pacific Exposition corporation or to the city of Seattle to purchase the same at an 
appraised value to be ascertained in such manner as the Secretary of the Treasury 
may determine. 

Sec. 15. That the allotment of space for exhibitors in the building or buildings 
erected under authority of this act for the use of the District of Alaska, the Territory 
of Hawaii, and the Philippine Islands shall be done and performed without charge 
to exhibitors by the Government board created by this act. 

Sec. 16. That dies for medals bearing appropriate devices, emblems, and inscrip- 
tions commemorative of said Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition and of the awards 
to be made to the exhibitors thereat shall be prepared by the Secretary of the Treasury 
at some mint of the United States for the board of trustees of Alaska-Yukon-Pacific 
Exposition, a corporation, subject to the provisions of the fifty-second section of the 
coinage act of eighteen hundred and seventy-three, and upon the payment by said 
Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition of a sum not less than the cost thereof; said medals 
shall be coined by the coining press located in and being part of the Government 
exhibit, and without cost to the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition: Provided, That 
said Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition shall furnish free of charge the electric power 
necessary to operate said coining press and all provisions of law against the counter- 
feiting or imitating of coins of the United States shall apply to the medals issued under 
this act. Said Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition shall furnish without cost to the 
United States all materials used by the printing and engraving presses exhibited 
by the Government at said exposition in the production of the usual souvenirs of 
appropriate design, and said Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition is hereby authorized, 
through any agent, employee, privilege holder, or concessionaire appointed by its 
proper officer, to vend and sell at or near the place of manufacture any medal, print, 
or engraving authorized under the provisions of this act: Provided, That the vending 
and selling of all such medals, prints, and engravings shall be subject to the approval 
of the Secretary of the Treasury. 

Sec. 17. That the United States shall not be liable on account of said exposition 
for any expenses incident to or growing out of the same, except for the construction 
of the building or buildings hereinbefore authorized and for the purpose of paying 
the expense incident to the selection, preparation, purchase, installation, trans- 
portation, care, custody, and safe return of the exhibits made by tho Government 
and for the employment of proper persons as officers and assistants by the Govern- 
ment board created by this act, and for other expenses, and for the maintenance of 
said building or buildings and other contingent expenses to be approved by the chair- 
man of the Government board, or, in the event of his absence or disability, by such 
officer as the board may designate, and the Secretary of the Treasury, upon itemized 
accounts and vouchers: Provided, That no liability against the Government shall be 
incurred and no expenditure of money appropriated by this act shall be made until 
the president of said exposition shall have furnished to the satisfaction of the Secretary 
of the Treasury proof that there has been obtained for the purpose of completing 
and opening said exposition bona fide subscriptions to the stock of Alaska-Yukon- 
Pacific Exposition (a corporation), by responsible parties, contributions, donations, 
and appropriations, from all sources, aggregating a sum not less than one million 
dollars: Provided, That no appropriation made by any State or Territory, and no 
appropriation herein made, shall be considered as any part of said million dollars. 



ALASKA-YUKON-PACiriC EXPOSITION. 13 

Sec. 18. That the United States shall not in any manner or under any circumstances 
be liable for any of the acts, doings, or representations of said Alaska-Yukon-Pacific 
Exposition (a corporation), its officers, agents, servants, or employees, or any of them, 
or for service, salaries, labor, or wages of said officers, agents, servants, or employees, 
or any of them, or for any subscriptions to the capital stock, or for any stock certifi- 
cates, bonds, mortgages, or obligations of any kind issued by said corporation, or for 
any debts, liabilities, or expenses, of any kind or nature whatever, attending such 
exposition corporation, or accruing by reason of the same. 

Sec. 19. That nothing in this act shall be construed so as to create any liability 
upon the part of the United States, directly or indirectly, for any debt or obligation 
incurred or for any claim for aid or pecuniary assistance from Congress or the Treasury 
of the United States in support or liquidation of any debts or obligations created by 
said United States Government board in excess of appropriations herein made. 

Sec. 20. That the United States shall not in any manneror under any circumstances 
make any loan, directly or indirectly, to the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition or 
for the benefit of said exposition or for any of the purposes thereof, and shall not appro- 
priate for any purpose whatsoever in connection with said exposition any sum of 
money other than that provided in this act. 

The act of Congress having provided that none of the money so 
appropriated should be expended until the Secretary of the Treasury 
was satisfied "that there had been obtained for the purpose of com- 
pleting and opening said exposition bona fide subscriptions to the 
stock of Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition (a corporation), by respon- 
sible parties, contributions, donations, and appropriations from all 
sources aggregating a sum not less than one million dollars," the 
exposition company furnished the Treasury Department a list of 
subscriptions thus required. The total aggregate was over $1,450,412. 
Thereupon the Secretary of the Treasury addressed the following 
communication to the Government board of managers: 

Hon. Jesse E. Wilson, Chairman, 

United States Government Board of Managers, 

Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition, Washington, D. C. 
Sm: Under section 17 of the sundry civil act, approved May 27, 1908, the appro- 
priations made by Congress for the Government's participation in the Alaska-Yukon- 
Pacific Exposition can not be made available until the president of said exposition 
shall have furnished to the satisfaction of the Secretary of the Treasury proof that 
there has been obtained for the purpose of completing and opening said exposition 
bona fide subscriptions to the stock of Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition (a corpora- 
tion), by responsible parties, contributions, donations, and appropriations from all 
sources aggregating a sum not less than $1,000,000. 

I have to inform you that, as Acting Secretary of the Treasury, I have this day 
approved the evidence submitted by the president of the exposition that this pro- 
vision of the law has been complied with, and the appropriations are therefore now 
available. 

Respectfully, Beekman Winthkop, 

Acting Secretary. 

Under the provisions of this act of Congress there was appropriated 
$600,000 for the purpose of Government participation in the Alaska- 
Yukon-Pacific Exposition, for its buildings, and for the exhibits of 
the Territories of Alaska and Hawaii and the Philippine Islands. 
The act provided that the President should appoint a board of man- 
agers to consist of three persons already in the Government service, 
who were to receive no compensation in addition to their regular 
salaries, but allowed a certain sum for subsistence while absent from 
home in the discharge of their duties. Of the .teOOjOOO it was pro- 
vided that $200,000 be made use of for the Government exhibit, 
$100,000 for the District of Alaska, $25,000 for the Territory of Ha- 
waii, and $25,000 for the exhibit showing the resources of the Philip- 
pine Islands. The remaining $250,000 was to be expended in the 



14 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 

erection of suitable buildings for the display of the Government and 
exhibits contributed by the above possessions. In all there were five 
buildings erected in conformity with the general architectural design 
adopted by the exposition company in which to house the Govern- 
ment exhibit. The main building was situated at the head of the ■ 
court of honor, covering an area of 108,084 square feet, and with its 
towering dome and massive proportions was the most conspicuous 
as well as the largest structure on the grounds. To the south of this 
building was the Alaska exhibit building, and at the east the Hawaiian, 
with the Philippine building covering 6,000 square feet directly to the 
north. The building erected for the life-saving exhibit was a model 
station, with all the improved arrangements required by that service. 
It occupied a commanding position on Lake Union at the foot of the 
Pay Streak, in front of which were given daily exhibitions of the life- 
saving crew detailed to the exposition during tbs period thereof. 

A letter from the then President Koosevelt, under date of June 29, 
1908, expressed the wish that the Secretary of the Interior take full 
charge of the Government participation in the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific 
Exposition, the act of Congress, approved May 27, 1908, having given 
the bureaus of that department the greater proportionate share of the 
work. The Assistant Secretary Jesse E. Wilson was therefore selected 
chairman of the Government board of managers, William M. Geddes, 
of the Treasury Department, and W. de C. Ravenel, administrative 
assistant of the National Museum, were designated as the other mem- 
bers of the board. Mr. Geddes was designated by the President as 
secretary and disbursing officer. 

In conformity with the act of Congress, the members of the Govern- 
ment board held their first meeting in the oflice of the chairman, in the 
Interior Department, on July 17, 1908. At this meeting Mr. Ravenel 
was made vice chairman of the board to have powers corresponding 
to those of the chairman in his absence. A resolution was adopted 
requesting the head of each of the executive departments and the 
Superintendent of the Smithsonian Institution and National Museum 
to designate some person as representative of his department to co- 
operate with the board in the preparation and maintenance of the 
Government exhibit, and the several departments provided with a 
copy thereof. In accordance with this request of the board, the fol- 
lowing representatives were designated, and given authority to certify 
vouchers to the chairman of the board covering expenditures made by 
their respective departments: 

Department of State Mr, W. J. Carr. 

Treasury Department Mr. W. W. Ludlow. 

War Department Mr. John C. Scofield. 

Department of Justice Mr. 0. J. Field. 

Post Office Department Mr. C. A. Conrard. 

Navy Department Mr. F. S. Curtia. 

Department of the Interior Hon. Jesse E. Wilson. 

Department of Agriculture Mr. S. R. Burch. 

Department of Commerce and Labor Mr. Frank H. Bowen. 

Smithsonian Institution and National Museum Mr. W. de C. Ravenel. 

The chairman was directed to address a communication to the 
Jamestown Ter-Centennial Commission requesting that the office fur- 
niture and fixtures of that commission, for which they had no further 
use, be turned over to the Government board of managers, Alaska- 
Yukon-Pacific Exposition, and the same was utilized for the offices of 



ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 15 

the departments. Mr. Dana Wliite, jr., was selected for service in the 
office of the secretary and disbursing officer and his term of office to 
begin September 1, 1908. 

At the second meeting of the Government board of managers, 
August 4, 1908, the Supervising Architect of the Treasiuy was invited 
to be present, and he submitted a tentative plan of the Government 
building, Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition, which, with one or two 
alterations, was approved by the board. Upon this information 
being received the board allotted to the several departments the fol- 
lowing space in the main Government exhibit building in which to 
install their respective exhibits : 

Square leet. 

Department of State 1, 776 

Treasury Department 6, 783 

War Department ' 9, 758 

Department of Justice 1, 923 

Post Office Department (exclusive of model post office) 7, 724 

Navy Department 8, 435 

Department of the Interior 11, 060 

Department of Agriculture 12, 770 

Department of Commerce and Labor (exclusive of Fisheries) 3, 928 

Smithsonian Institution and National Museum 12, 770 

Total 76, 927 

The following by-laws were adopted by the board for the govern- 
ment of its actions: 

Section 1. The heads of the several departments and the Secretary of the Smith- 
sonian Institution and the Superintendent of the National Museum shall each be 
requested to name a representative, and such authorized representatives shall be 
chained with the control of the exhibits of their respective departments, subject to the 
supervision and approval of the board of managers. 

Sec. 2. The chairman shall preside at the meetings of the board, and on behalf of 
the hoard shall approve all vouchers. He shall have authority to call meetings of the 
board whenever he sees fit, or upon the request of one of its members. He may at his 
discretion invite the departmental representatives to meet with the board for consul- 
tation. 

Sec. 3. The board shall select a vice chairman who shall preside at the meetings of 
the board and otherwise perform the duties and exercise the powers of the chairman 
during the absence or disability of the chairman. 

Sec. 4. The secretary and disbursing officer shall cause to be made a record of the 
meetings of the board, and shall conduct the correspondence of the board as such. He 
shall keep a record of all appointments and vouchers. He shall pay all vouchers for 
expenses incurred in connection with the Government exhibit at the Alaska- Yukon- 
Pacific Exposition, when such vouchers have been properly certified and approved in 
accordance with the rules and regulations prescribed by the board, and according to 
law. He shall render each departmental representative a statement of the condition 
of any funds that may have been allotted to the exhibit of that department by the 
board, when requested, and in no case shall he pay vouchers in excess of such allot- 
ment. 

Sec. 5. Thenumberof employees and their salaries shall be fixed by the board. All 
appointments shall be made by the board, as required by law, and appointments so 
made shall be signed by the chairman in evidence thereof. 

Sec 6. Proposed amendments to these by-laws must be offered in writing at a 
meeting of the board at which the full membership is present, and, to be adopted, 
must be approved by a majority vote of the members of the board. 

The following rules and regulations governing the disbursement 
of the appropriation of $200,000 for the Government exhibit were 
adopted: 

1. All payments shall be made upon vouchers — forms of which shall be prescribed 
by the Comptroller of the Treasury under the direction of the Secretary of the 
Treasury — and shall be made, so far as practicable, by check, but no amount in 
excess of $20 shall be paid in cash except to regular employees on the pay roll. 



16 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 

2. Such vouchers shall be certified by the authorized representative of the depart- 
ment incurring the expense, approved by the chairman of the United States Govern- 
ment board of managers, or in his absence by the vice chairman of said board, or such 
officer as the board may direct, and certified by the company or person to whom 
payment is made. If paid to a firm, the voucher must be certified by some person 
authorized to sign the firm's name. 

3. Where it is impracticable to fully describe upon the face of the voucher the 
service or material furnished, the voucher shall be accompanied by eubvouchers 
giving the desired information. 

4. Partial payments upon contracts may be made by the disbursing officer, provided 
such contracts are in the possession of the Auditor for the Treasury Department, and 
where, under the terms of the contract, partial payments become due and are payable. 
All executory contracts, so far as possible, must be in writing. 

5. All such vouchers paid by the disbursing officer, after having received favorable 
administrative action, shall be approved by the Secretary of the Treasury and referred 
to the Auditor for the Treasury Department for settlement. WTien the disbursing 
officer is in need of money to be placed to his official credit, he shall make requisition 
therefor, showing the amount needed and for what purpose. 

6. Any account involving the payment of a sum of money in excess of the amount 
standing to the credit of the disburaing officer, or involving the payment of a sum of 
money which, by reason of the amount thereof, would delay the settlement of other 
accounts, or any account, the validity of which may be questioned by him, may be 
forwarded to the Treasury Department for settlement and the amount found due paid 
by warrant. 

7. All appointments of officers or employees of the Government board of managers 
shall be made in writing and show distinctly the rights and'duties of the officers and 
employees as well as the rights and obligations of the United States. 

The following allotment of the appropriation of $200,000 for the 
Government exhibit was made by the board at its meeting held 
August 21, 1908, and the representatives of the various departments 
instructed to make no expenditures in excess of the amounts so 
allotted: 

Department of State $4, 000 

Treasury Department 24, 000 

War Department 16, 000 

Department of Justice 4, 000 

Post Office Department 10, 000 

Navy Department 14,000 

Department of the Interior 24, 000 

Department of Agriculture ■- 24, 000 

Department of Commerce and Labor 26, 000 

Smithsonian Institution and National Museum 24, 000 

Biograph exhibit 5, 000 

General fund 25, 000 

Total , 200, 000 

At this meeting the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition Company was 
requested to submit to the board information as to the classification 
of freight, rates, and the terminal charges that would be made on 
shipments of exhibits, also data pertaining to shipments. 

A schedule of per diem allowances and traveling expenses was 
adopted by the board of managers and later approved by the 
Secretary of the Treasury. Members of the Government board, 
heads of departments, assistant secretaries of executive depart- 
ments and other Government institutions, heads of bureaus, and the 
Assistant Secretary and cliief clerk of the War Department ; also repre- 
sentatives from the executive departments, Smithsonian Institution, 
and National Museum, whenever detailed to cooperate with the board 
of managers and when absent from their stations in discharge of their 
duties in connection with the work, were allowed a per diem in heu of 
subsistence together with their transportation. 



ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 17 

Officers of the Army and Navy received no compensation in addi- 
tion to their regular salaries, but were allowed their necessary trav- 
eling expenses, together with a per diem in lieu of subsistence, when 
detailed to the board, said allowance being in lieu of subsistence and 
mileage now allowed by law. 

All details wherein transportation orders were used were approved 
by the chairman of the Government board of managers or officer 
duly authorized to approve same; employees and detailed officials 
were classified by the representative of the department from which 
they were detailed. 

Provision having been made for a biograph exliibit by an allot- 
ment from the appropriation for a Government exhibit, James C. 
Boy kin was placed in charge of that exhibit, and he was authorized 
to certify vouchers for all expenditures from the allotment made for 
that purpose. This exliibit was made in the south \ving of the Hawaii 
building, a review of wliich is given in another part of this report. 
The board decided that all lectures wherein biograph pictures were to 
be exliibited should be given in the room so assigned for the biograph 
exliibit, and that certain hours would be set apart for use by the 
various departments for the purpose of lectures. 

The matter of water and power for the operation of the Government 
exhibit was given consideration through the following communica- 
tion from the chairman of the Government board of managers to the 
exposition company: 

Sirs: After a careful inspection of the conditions on the site of the exposition 
grounds and considering the accommodations and absolutely necessary requirements 
of the United States Government relative to matters that the exposition company 
should furnish in order that a proj^erly equipped exhibit may be installed and main- 
tained by said Government, we submit the following memoranda, and request that 
your company furnish the same, without any expense to the Government, as has been 
in the main furnished by other exposition companies; 

In addition to what you have heretofore agreed to furnish, and in order that there 
be no misunderstanding, we desire it made plain that the electric power for moving 
exhibits and sufficient electric power to operate biograph exhibits shall also include 
electric power for operating exhibits, motors, and the machinery connected therewith, 
such as panoramas, series of lamps in Patent Office exhibits showing the progress of 
invention in the class of illuminations, series of specimens of color photography, 
series of transparencies of various kinds, and particularly those illustrating the opera- 
tions of the Reclamation Service, etc. We want to have, aa far as possible, live 
exhibits, with the utmost attractiveness. 

Direct as well as alternating current should be provided for. You will be advised 
of the approximate power that will be required as soon as possible. 

Such fresh water necessary for drinking purposes and water for operating motors 
and producing power to operate exhibits is required, as well as water for washstands 
and toilet rooms in the Government buildings. 

Fresh-water supply of 150,000 gallons per 24 hours of Lake Washington or Cedar River 
water to be delivered at the Fisheries Building, with at least 40 pounds pressure through 
a 4-inch independent main, not tapped for fire plugs or any other purpose. A con- 
tinuous flow is absolutely necessary; cutting it off, even for a brief period^ would be 
disastrous and cause the loss of all stock in the aquarium. 

A suitable pipe line of galvanized-iron pipe and necessary connections with ade- 
quate pumps and power to pump salt water from the railroad siding into the salt- 
water reservoir in the building as may be needed during the exposition period. The 
capacity of the reservoir is 30,000 gallons. The salt water will be delivered by the 
Government on the siding in tank cars in as few lots at each dehvery as the number 
of cars obtainable will permit. It is imi^ossible to specify the number of deliveries, 
but they probably will not exceed four or five. Prompt service is essential. 

Electric power in the Fisheries building should be available at least four or five 
weeks before the opening. 

68713°— S. Doc. 671, 61—3 2 



18 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION 

A fish transportation car will be employed at brief intervals throughout the exposi- 
tion in bringing in fresh stock for the aquarium and there must be a free siding for this 
car, such siding to be open, for handling the car, as needed. On arrival, unloading 
must be immediate. When not engaged in transporting fish, the car will be kept 
in first-class condition on the siding as part of the exhibit. 

Free admission at all times for wagons and attendants with live fish for the aquarium 
and for messengers carrying such fish under any satisfactory system which will not 
cause delay or require special action in each case should be provided for. 

As a site for the life-saving station, a space of at least 100 by 100 feet is desired at a 
point on Lake Union at the east end of the esplanade at the foot of the Pay Streak; 
the building to face west. It will be necessary to extend the bulkhead a distance 
of 50 feet south at right angles with the present bulkhead. The esplanade should 
be extended back at that point, as the 50-foot street would not afford sufficient space 
to accommodate the public. 

It should be understood relative to the hauling and placing of exhibits at the expo- 
sition grounds that, in case the party or parties who may be awarded the privilege 
or given the concession for the same fail to meet the demands of the Government 
within 24 hours after being requested to haul and place the exhibit, the Government 
official or officials in charge may procure any other person or persons to haul and 
deliver its exhibits to the proper place, whether on bringing the property and exhibits 
to the exposition or removing it therefrom and, on so doing, the Government will be 
under no obligation to, or be required to pay, the party or parties that may be granted 
the privilege or given the concession as aforesaid. 

It is very important that the Government be advised immediately that you will 
comply with this request, in order that it may completely and fully carry out the 
plans of the Government in providing for installing and maintaining the exhibit. 

In. order to comply with the wishes of the board the executive 
committee of the exposition company passed a resolution embodying 
all the requirements of the board as expressed in the above commu- 
nication. 

As near as can be approximated the amount and kind of electricity 
used by the several departments for the operation, of their exhibits, 
which was furnished gratuitously by the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific 
Exposition Company, is as follows: 

The Treasury Department, for the operation of its mint machinery, 
required 35 amperes at 220 volts direct current, and of the same 
current for the marine engine in the Revenue-Cutter Service, 5 
amperes. For the operation of X-ray and high frequency appliances, 
20 amperes at 110 volts direct current. In addition there were 
required fifteen 16-candlepower, and fifteen 32-candlepower electric 
lamps to light the dark room for X-ray demonstrations, the operating 
room platform, and other exhibits distributed throughout the 
Treasury space. 

In the Post-Office exhibit space 50 incandescent lights were 
necessary, of 110 volts alternating current. About 20 horsepower 
was required distributed for motors used to operate mutoscopes, mail 
chutes, and canceling machines, including the machines in the model 
post office, which was for general public use. 

The Department of the Interior made use of 20 horsepower of 220 
volts direct current, and 5 horsepower of 110 volts direct current. 

In the operation of its exhibit the Department of Agriculture, with 
its model road machinery, made use of but 30 amperes of 110 volts 
direct current. 

The Department of Commerce and Labor, which included the 
Bureau of Fisheries exliibit, utilized a supply of electricity at 220 
volts, 2-phase, 60-cycle, alternating current. This fully supplied the 
current for one 20-horsepower and two 3-horsepower motors. There 
were 65 incandescent lamps used for lighting the interior and base- 
ment of the exhibit. 






ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 19 

In arranging for the exhibits in tlie main building it was decided 
that the height of exhibit lines and partitions separating the various 
exliibit spaces or any other partitions erected within the exhibit 
spaces should not exceed 12 feet. 

Upon request of the Post Office Department 2,000 square feet of 
space was assigned for a model post office on the first floor in the 
northwest corner of the building, which proved to be very satisfactory 
in location, and the use of such an office was greatly appreciated by 
the public. 

In order to get in closer touch with the situation the board deemed 
it advisable that tliey proceed to Seattle and take up with the expo- 
sition company' matters pertaining to the proper installation of 
exhibits, and on October 23, 1908, the board met with the executive 
officers of the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition Company. Mr. I. H. 
Dunlap, chief agent of the Bureau of Fisheries accompanied the board 
on their trip to Seattle and arranged with the exposition company 
the details in connection with the fish exhibit. The exposition com- 
pany gave the board most courteous consideration in this and all 
other matters. 

During the visit of the board to the exposition grounds in conjunc- 
tion with Capt. Oscar S. Wicklund, of the Life-Saving Service, a site 
was located at the foot of the Pay Streak on Lake Union for the 
life-saving station, which selection was later approved by the repre- 
sentative of the Treasury Department. 

The Director of the International Bureau of the American Repub- 
lics, Hon. John Barrett, who was also in Seattle at this time, took up 
with the board the matter of space in the Govermnent building for an 
exhibit of that bureau; but he was informed that Congress had not 
made such provision in the original act. Later, however, a special 
appropriation of S.3,000 was made for an exhibit of the International 
Bureau of the American Republics and 750 square feet of space was 
allotted for such purposes. A report covering the exhibit is given 
elsewhere by the representative. 

Plans and specifications for the main and fisheries buildings, 
Alaska, Hawaii, and the Philippine Islands, erected for the Govern- 
ment exhibit, were prepared in the office of the Supervising Architect 
of the Treasury and conformed to the general scheme of architecture 
adopted by the exposition company for the various exhibit palaces 
on the grounds. The contract was let to Strehlow, Freese & Peter- 
sen, local contractors of Seattle, the net amount paid to the con- 
tractors for these buildings being $218,832.69. A separate contract 
was awarded for the building of the life-saving station, in amount 
W,720. 

On January 12, 1909, a communication was addressed to the 
Secretary of the Treasury asking for the detail of Mr. C. E. Thatcher 
as transportation agent for the period of the exposition, and under 
his supervision the exliibits were transferred to and from Seattle. 
The various railroad companies authorized freight rates on shipments 
of Government exliibits to Seattle upon the following conditions: 

On all exhibits carried to the exposition and made a part of the Government exhibit 
on which full tariff rates were paid a free return was allowed in case shipment was 
offered for return within 90 days after the close of the exposition, switching charges 
for which the board was required to pay $4 per car at Seattle. Bills of lading covering 
exhibits showed the precise routes over which such exhibits were transported, and 
the usual land-grant deductions were made on all shipments. On less-than-carload 



20 ALASKA-YUKON-PACinC EXPOSITION. 

shipments of merchandise tlirough the local station at Seattle a rate of 7^ cents 
per 100 pounds was charged, minimum charge on single shipment 50 cents. To 
these rates and other charges were added by the exposition management a rate of 
8 cents per 100 pounds, minimum charge on single shipment of 50 cents for any ship- 
ment consigned to the Government buildings. These charges in all instances were 
computed on a basis of the railroad bills of lading subject to the regularly established 
minimum rates. On heavy or bulky articles exceeding 3 tons in weight an extra 
cost of handling was charged in both directions. 

In the matter of transportation of employees negotiations were 
made with the several railroad companies, who permitted a .?62 
excursion rate to Seattle and other northwestern points, dates of 
sale from May 25 to September 30, 1909, tickets good via any regular 
route and returning via anj' other direct route, final limit of tickets 
October 31, 1909; but owing to the inconvenience of these dates it 
was impossible to transfer many of the employees on excursion 
tickets, as they were required to proceed to Seattle before the first 
date of sale and return after the final limit of the tickets. 

Upon request from Commissioner J. C. McBride, of the Alaska 
exhibit, 224 square feet of floor space were allottetl in the Alaska 
Building to H. D. Kirmse, a manufacturer and retail dealer of Skag- 
way, Alaska, for an exhibit of Alaska gold nuggets, jewelry, carved 
ivory by the natives, souvenir spoons and forks, Alaskan Indian 
baskets, moccasins, and totems. On this space were employed 
native ivory carvers, metal workers, basket and blanket weavers, 
making a thoroughly live exhibit. There were also allotted 409 
square feet of floor space jointly to the Alaska Coast Steamship 
Co. and the Alaska Pacific Steamship Co. both of Seattle, for an 
exhibit illustrating the operation of the industries along the lines of ' 
these two transportation companies in Alaska. Wall space in the 
rear of the space was also occupied by these companies. In the same 
building was also recommended for approval an allotment of 199 
square feet of floor space to the Alaska Steamship Co. and the White 
Pass & Yukon Kailway Co., of Skagway, Alaska, for an exhibit 
illustrating the industries along the lines of these two companies in 
Alaska, together with the wall space in the rear. The Alaska Garnet 
Mining & Manufacturing Co. of Minneapolis, Minn., made request for 
certain space in the Alaska Building, 7 feet by 24 feet, for an exhibit 
of Alaska garnets, showing the process of polisliing, etc., which was 
approved by the board. 

In the instaUation of the Government exhibit it was found necessary 
to have a separate transformer room in the building, and upon the 
request of the exposition company space was assigned for such pur- 
poses on the first floor in the rear of the Forestry exhibit and adjacent 
to the model post office, space 18 feet by 32 feet being allotted, and 
the expense of construction of this room and operation expenses were 
borne by the exposition company. 

At a meeting of the board held March 24, 1909, the secretary and 
disbursing officer was directed to proceed to Seattle on or about 
AprU 1 and take full charge of the installation of the Government 
exhibit acting upon the authority of the following resolution: 

Resolved, That in the absence of the chairman, or vice chairman, of the United States 
Government board of managers for the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition, from Seattle, 
Wash., the secretary and disbursing officer be, and is hereby, authorized and 
directed to exercise the authority of the chairman, as acting chairman, in approving 
vouchers for expenditures from the appropriation ^'Government exliibit, Alaska- 
Yukon- Pacific Exposition, Seattle, Washington," when the same have been properly 



ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 21 

certified by the representative of the department incurring the expense, or some 
person by him designated and authorized; also to make such appointments in behalf 
of the board as may be found necessary, and to have full supervision of the work of 
installing the Government exhibit, and that the accounting officers of the Treasury 
Department be so advised. 

The following rules and regulations to govern ofi&cers, special 
agents, and employees connected with the Government exhibit, were 
adopted : 

The Government exhibit building will be opened at 12 o'clock noon, Tuesday, 
June 1, 1909. 

The hours thereafter will be from 9 a. m. until 5.30 p. m. 

Officers, chief special agents, assistants, and employees are expected to be on duty 
during these hours each day. 

The chief special agent in charge will, in his absence from his exhibit space, see 
that some assistant remains on duty during his absence. 

Smoking is positively prohibited within or near the Government exhibit building. 

In unpacking exhibits, no excelsior will be allowed to remain in empty boxes 
stored underneath the building. 

Copies of rules governing the guard force will be provided by the captain of the guard 
to each member thereof. 

A meeting of the entire membersliip of the board was held in 
Seattle on May 17, 1909, previous to the opening of the exposition 
for the purpose of inspecting the same and being present during the 
opening exercises of the exposition. 

The scheme of decoration of the various buUdings was elaborate 
and effective, the buildings thoroughly burlapped throughout, the 
national ensign beiag utihzed in an attractive manner and to the 
best advantage. 

For the care and operation of the Government exhibit the board 
authorized the appointment of a captaia of the guard, 3 sergeants, 
and not to exceed 12 guards duly appointed by the United States 
Government board of managers. The guard was organized in three 
reUefs, as follows: First, from 8 o'clock a. m. to 4 o'clock p. m.; 
second, from 4 o'clock p. m. to 12 o'clock midnight; and third, from 
12 o'clock midnight to 8 o'clock a. m. The captain of the guard, W. F. 
Bopp, had immediate command of the guard, reporting to and 
receiving orders from the chairman of the board of managers, or 
the secretary and disbursing officer thereof, in the chairman's absence. 
Details of United States soldiers and marines for guard duty in the 
Government building were under the command of their respective 
officers. The guards were uniformed in dark-blue blouse and trousers 
and regulation cap. Side arms were only allowed for the night reUef. 

Card passes were provided for the members of the board, officers, 
and representatives of the various departments, but the exposition 
company required that photograph passes be issued for all other 
employees, for which a charge of $2 was made. 

The buildings were opened each day from 9 o'clock in the morning 
until half past 5 in the evening, except Sundays, when the same were 
closed to the public. 

On Sunday afternoon. May 30, 1909, previous to the opening of the 
exposition, the board of managers invited the officers of the exposi- 
tion company to accompany them on a tour of inspection around the 
Government exhibit buildings. It was a source of gratification to 
the exposition company as well as to the members of the board 
that the entire exhibit was in perfect order and the installation of the 



22 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITIOK. 

exhibit of each department fully completed. The building was per- 
fectly decorated and the exhibits in readiness for the inspection of 
the public. 

The exercises incident to the opening of the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific 
Exposition, June 1, 1909, were held in the large amphitheater a short 
distance from the main Government buUding, and were presided over 
by Mr. J. E. Chilberg, president of the exposition company; the 
membership of the board was present and participated therein. At 
the close of the official program, promptly at 12 o'clock Seattle time, 
President Taft, from the White House in Washington, pressed a but- 
ton, and immediately following the announcement was made of the 
official opening of the exposition. Flags were unfurled from each of 
the masts on the Government exhibit buUdings, and the doors of the 
buildings opened for the period of the exposition. 

As a means of. attracting notable persons to the Northwest during 
the period of its operation, the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition 
afforded an opportunity that was greatly beneficial to that section of 
the United States. Many distinguished citizens from home and 
abroad visited the exposition in an official capacity, among whom 
was the President of the United States, WUliani H. Taft, who on Sep- 
tember 30, 1909, was a guest of the exposition company, and at 
which time he made an official inspection of the Government exhibits 
and buildings. Among the other distinguished visitors who were 
officially escorted through the exhibit by rnembers of the Government 
board were Hon. Kichard A. Balhnger, Secretary of the Interior; , 
Hon. Frank H. Hitchcock, Postmaster General; James J. HUl, presi- 
dent of the Great Northern KaUway; Gov. Charles E. Hughes, of 
New York; Gov. John A. Johnson, of Minnesota; Ambassador Jusse- 
rand, of France; Gov. F. W. Benson, of Oregon; Gov. M. E. Hay, of 
Washington; Hon. W. H. Able, of Kansas; Lieut. Gov. P. J. Kelly, 
of Michigan; Judge Levi H. Bancroft, of Wisconsin ; Hon. S. H. PUes, 
United States Senator from Washington; Gern Dip, Chinese consul; 
Gov. Brady, of Idaho; ex-Gov. J. H. Fletcher, of South Dakota; 
Gov. Spry, of Utah; Gov. Hoggatt, of Alaska; Gov. GUlett, of Cali- 
fornia; Gov. Gilchrist, of Florida; Baron T. Takihira, Japanese 
ambassador ; Gov. Glasscock, of West Virginia ; and Hon. John Barrett, 
Director of the International Bureau of the American Repubhcs. 
Without exception they expressed themselves as being greatly pleased 
with the presentation made of the Government resources by the 
tastily arranged exhibits of the various departments. 

In his official capacity, on July 5, 1909, Gov. M. E. Hay, of Wash- 
ington, and staff paid their respects to the Government board of 
managers, expressing their gratification over the Government's con- 
tribution to the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition. 

At the life-saving station, erected by the Government on a site 
near Lake Union, at the foot of the Pay Streak, a crew of 11 picked 
men from the regular service were detailed and the station properly 
organized. They were under the supervision of Capt. O. S. Wick- 
lund, of the Point Adams (Oreg.) Station. DaUy drills were given 
demonstrating the work of the service, which included surf-boat 
drill; manual of oars; beach-apparatus drill, showing rescue from a 
wreck ; life-boat capsizing, showing the self-righting self-bailing boat ; 
and restoring the apparently drowned, aU of which was of manifestly 



AlASKA-YUKON-PACIPIC EXPOSITION. 23 

great interest to the general public, judging from tlie throngs that 
gathered to witness these driUs. 

Assistance was given the pubhc schools of Seattle and adjacent 
towns in making personally conducted trips of school children through 
the buildings bv teachers in charge. Those in charge of the exhibits 
sought to make such tours instructive and the innovation proved 
highly satisfactory. 

By special appropriation the dome of the main Government build- 
ing was later illuminated 11,000 electric hghts, with a large electric 
flag above the main entrance. This added materially to the appear- 
ance of the building and grounds at night. The expense of $24,000 
incurred for such illumination and additional electricity was on a 
special contract between the Secretary of the Treasury and the 
exposition company. 

The absence of intoxicants from the grounds warranted a smaller 
guard force than had been contemplated, as the crowds were both 
orderly and intently interested. But one or two minor accidents 
were ofiiciaUy reported to have occurred within the buOdings, and 
fewer exhibits purloined than has been the case heretofore. 

The exposition company having canceled its outgoing tariff, the 
board found it necessary to enter into contract for removing the 
exhibits from the buildings to the cars at the close of the exposition. 
Such a contract was entered into with F. E. Grau, of Seattle, the 
price being the same as that guaranteed by the exposition company 
at the opening of the exposition. 

A drinking fountain was placed near the niain entrance of the Gov- 
ernment building, at an expense of $180; also toilet rooms for the 
use of the general public, attendants being placed in charge, and 
such service was greatly appreciated by the visiting pubhc. 

On the occasion of the visit of the President of the United States 
to the exposition grounds and Government exhibit, it was deemed 
advisable to close the buildings during the inspection made by the 
official party, no one being admitted thereto except by card. Two 
companies of infantry, besides the usual guard force, were in attend- 
ance in and around the Government buildings to prevent crowding 
and accidents, and the day's exercises passed off in a quiet and satis- 
factory manner. 

On exhibitors' day the Government budding was included in the 
arrangement of the program, on which occasion the concessionaires 
in the Treasury Department space gave away to the pubhc 1,000 
copies of the official engravings and official medals stamped on the 
coining press in that space. 

A committee on condemnation was recommended for the purpose 
of appraising such property as might be abandoned by the several 
departments at the close of the exposition, and Mr. C. E. Thatcher, 
Mr. James C. Boykm, and Mr. H. C. McArthur were appointed such 
committee by the chairman. Postmaster Russell, of Seattle, made 
request to the architect's office for the transfer to his office of such 
furniture and fixtures as might be made use of in the service; such 
transfer was made and record filed with the Secretary of the Treasury. 
This was mostly furnitiu'e loaned to the Government board of mana- 
gers after the Jamestown Exposition. Fire extinguishers, rugs, 
waste baskets, burlap, decorations, etc., not belonging to the building 
proper were turned over to the United States marshal at Seattle, 



24 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 

under instructions, for use at the Federal penitentiary at McNeil's 
Island. Receipts were taken for all such property and are a part of 
the files of the office of the board of managers. 

Two boxes of flags in fairly good condition were returned and 
turned over to the Treasury Department, under instructions. These 
ensigns were used for interior decoration and on the flagstaffs of 
the Government building and were borrowed from the Jamestown 
Tercentennial Commission. 

The chairman of the committee on condemnation, appointed by 
the board and approved by the Secretary of the Treasury, to appraise 
and dispose of such property as might be abandoned by the several 
departments at the close of the exposition, submitted his report, 
showing the following receipts: 

From — 

Smithsonian Institution and National Museum $25. 00 

Department of State 11. 00 

Department of Commerce and Labor 12. 50 

Navy Department 2. 50 

Department of the Interior 5. 00 

Government building decorations 7. 00 

Government building fixtures , 5. 00 

General office 1. 50 

Total , 69. 50 

A list of the property in detail is filed with the report, together 
with the names of the parties to whom the same was sold, and the 
money deposited to the credit of the miscellaneous fund in the 
Treasury. 

The hearty cooperation of the representatives of the departments, 
chief special agents in charge of the respective exhibits, together with 
that of the other officers and employees, added materially to the 
success of the Government exhibit, and the same was greatly appre- 
ciated by the general public and the exposition company. 

Upon request of the exposition company a list was furnished by the 
various representatives of those entitled to awards or diplomas in 
connection with the preparation and installation of the Government 
exhibit, it being understood that the Government exhibit in no wise 
entered into competition with the other exhibits on the grounds. 
Such diplomas were furnished to those entitled to the same by the 
exposition company. 

Simple yet befitting closing exercises were held on the last day of 
the exposition, under the direction of the board of managers, on the 
plaza in front of the main Government building. The musicians 
marched into this court of honor, where a large assemblage had 
gathered. From across the court came the strains of the Metlakatla 
Indian band playing national airs. The oflicial band followed with 
the "Star Spangled Banner," joined in by the throng, who stood in 
singing the anthem. While the large flag over the main entrance of 
the Government building was being lowered for the last time, the 
Igorot quartet from the Philippine Islands and the Hawaiian quartet 
united in the national anthem. The Government buildings were 
thereupon declared closed to the public. 



THE GOVERNMENT EXHIBIT, BY DEPARTMENTS. 



25 



28 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 

convention, together with the photographs of the members of the 
convention in attendance, arranged in order of signatm-e, by States, 
witli facsimiles of the Articles of the Constitution as adopted. Then 
foUowed an exhibit of the portraits of the Presidents of the United 
States from Washington to and including William Howard Taft. 

There were also presented proclamations of all the Presidents, from 
Washington to Roosevelt, followed by a portion of the correspondence 
leading up to the formulation of the Monroe Doctrine, with photo- 
graphs of those who participated in it. 

Exhibited in a wall case was the fine crab-tree walking stick of 
Benjamin FrankHn, with gold head, curiously wrought in the form of 
the Cap of Liberty. An extract from a codicil of Franklin's wiU, of 
July, 1788, states: 

I give it to my friend, and the friend of mankind, George Washington. It it were 
a scepter he has merited it, and would become it. 

Documents relating to the expansion of the territory of the United 
States from the close of the Revolutionary War to the close of the 
Spanish- American War, in 1898, were among the most interesting of 
the exhibits. There was shown a portion of each treaty under which 
additional territory was acquired, a map showing the location of the 
territory acquired, with the date of the acquisition, and photographs 
of the representatives of the two Governments who brought the nego- 
tiations to a successful conclusion in each instance. The interest 
manifested by students of liistoiy and by the pubhc in general in 
this portion of the exliibit was very gratifying. 

A case near by contained ceremonial letters and communications 
from many celebrated personages of foreign countries, including Louis, 
Bang of France, 1788; Emperor Napoleon I; Victoria, Queen of Eng- 
land; William II, German Emperor; Emperor Frederick, of Germany; 
the Shah of Persia. 

The wall-space exhibit was completed by the portraits of the 4 
Secretaries of Foreign Affairs and the 40 Secretaries of State, begin- 
ning with Robert R. Livingston, the first Secretary of Foreign Affairs, 
and ending with the portrait of our present Secretary of State, the 
Hon. PhUander C. Knox — all grouped, in the order of their respective 
service, around an oil painting, 8 feet square, of the Seal of the United 
States. 

The portion of the exhibit so far described occupied wall space 12 
feet high by 140 feet long, and covered the period from July 4, 1776, 
to 1909. 

Fifteen cases, plate-glass frames, and one metal and two marble 
pedestals were used in displaying that part of the exhibit which occu- 
pied the floor space assigned to the Department of State. 

The cases contained many interesting historical relics, among which 
were: The desk on which was written the rough draft of the Declara- 
tion of Independence; the eyeglasses and service sword of Washington; 
the sword of Andrew Jackson; a gold-mounted sword and two gold- 
mounted pistols voted by the General Assembly of the State of Con- 
necticut to their feUow-citizen, Capt. Isaac Hull, as a testimonial of 
their sense of his distinguished services, gallantry, and conduct in July 
and August, 1812. 

In one case was displayed the handsome and massive solid silver 
urn given to Capt. Hull by the citizens of Philadelphia, September 5, 
1812, for gallant and distinguished services. 



* 



AiASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 29 

Various war and peace medals ordered by the Congress of the 
United States were shown. The series of war medals began with the 
medal ordered by the Continental Congress in commemoration of the 
siege of Boston in 1776, and presented to George Washington, and, 
continuing, included that presented to Gen. Grant for distinguished 
services at Vioksburg, Miss., and Chattanooga, Tenn., in 1863. The 
peace medals began with the medal presented to Capt. Armstrong 
September 5, 1776. The last medal in this series was that in honor 
of Benjamin Franklin, commemorating the two hundredth anniver- 
sary of his birth. 

In one of the cases was a beautiful diamond studded medal pre- 
sented to the United States by the Sultan of Turkey to commemorate 
the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America. The 
medal consists of a weO-cut cameo representing the landing of Colum- 
bus, which is surrounded by a gold wreath set in diamonds, with a 
small bow knot of diamonds at the base. In this case were also exhib- 
ited one of the handsome gold watches, with chain and charm, and 
one of the marine glasses wliich are presented by the President of the 
United States to masters and officers of foreign vessels in recognition 
of their humane services in effecting the rescue of shipwrecked 
American seamen. In one of these cases was also shown a facsimile 
copy in plaster of a treaty between the Athenians and Chalcideans, 
446 to 445 B. C. A metal pedestal was surmounted by a wedgewood 
bust of Washington, probably the only bust of Washington in this 
material in existence. On one of the marble pedestals was a projec- 
tile, a souvenir of the commune of Paris, presented to the Department 
of State by E. B. Washburne, minister of the United States to the 
French Repubhc, and on the other pedestal was exhibited a brick 
taken from the great wall of China. 

On one side of a large plate-glass screen was displayed a United 
States flag, woven in one piece of silk material and paid for by the 
contributions of 25,000 weavers of Lyons, France, wliich was pre- 
sented to the people of the United States as a token of their sympathy 
at the death of President Lincoln; while on the reverse side of the 
screen was shown a sUk rug, woven in the form of a United States 
flag, which was presented to the United States by the orphans of Har- 
put, Turkey, as a token of their gratitude. 

In the remaining floor space were arranged several pieces of furni- 
ture for the use of visitors, who appeared fuUy to appreciate this 
slight contribution to their comfort and to their leisurely inspection 
of the exhibit. 

TBEASUBY DEPARTMENT. 

The Treasury Department exhibit occupied 7,500 square feet of 
floor space in the southwest section of the main floor of the Govern- 
ment building, the foUowing offices and bureaus being represented: 
Office of the Secretary of the Treasury, office of the Treasurer, Bureau 
of Engraving and Printing, Supervising Arcliitect's oflice, Bureau of 
the Mint, including United States assay office, Revenue-Cutter Serv- 
ice, Pubhc Health and Marine-Hospital Service, and the Life-Saving 
Service. 

The Secretary's office had on display a collection of oil portraits of 
former Secretaries of the Treasurv. 



30 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIPIC EXPOSITION. 

The office of the Register of the Treasury was represented by a series 
of winged frames containing samples of colonial currency, old con- 
federate notes, bonds, and securities, and bonds and securities of our 
insular possessions; also United States bonds of different issues. 

The exhibit of the Office of the Supervising Architect consisted of a 
series of drawings, photographs, and pen sketches representmg the 
various important public buildings which have been erected under 
the direction of that office. This bureau offered as part of its exhibit 
the maia United States Government building, the Alaska, Hawaiian, 
and Pliilippiae buildings, and the life-saving station, aU of which 
were erected under its direction. The commanding location of the 
main Government buOduig and the beauty of its architecture occa- 
sioned very favorable comment from the many visitors to the expo- 
sition. 

The office of the Treasurer of the United States had on display 
in appropriate gilt frames national-bank notes, a series of notes, 
bonds, and securities issued by the United States, and an old cutting 
knife and punching machine used by the Treasury Department from 
1863 to 1899. The knife was used m cutting 2,601,784,936 separate 
pieces of paper currency, representing a total face value of 15,586,- 
688,853.96. 

The principal feature of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing 
exhibit was a printing press in operation, the methods of plate 
printing as used by the United States being fully demonstrated by 
expert Government workmen. Specimen prints were made from 
engraved steel plates, showing portraits of the President and Vice 
President, the American eagle, the U. S. S. Nebraska, and a special 
commemorative design especially prepared for the Alaska- Yukon- 
Pacific Exposition. 

The bureau also exhibited engraved portraits and vignettes, includ- 
ing a complete set of the Presidents of the United States, Secretaries of 
the Treasury, and a number of fine vignettes used on notes and securi- 
ties; bonds, notes, certificates, and other obligations issued by the 
United States, showing all of the processes from the blank paper to 
the finished article; internal-revenue stamps, postage stamps, 
including the latest issues, and notes and stamps prepared for Cuba 
and the insular possessions. 

The exhibit of the Bureau of the Mint comprised the various devices 
and machines used in the process of coining money. One of the 
latest-type coining presses used by the Government was in fuU opera- 
tion, in charge of an expert coiner fi'om the Philadelpliia Mint, showing 
the operation of coining the double-eagle, actually coining a medal 
the size of that coin. The process was described by the operators 
in charge. 

The melting furnaces, the temperature of which for melting the 
metal alloys is about 2,000° F., are used in the first operation, the 
metal being cast into ingots. These ingots are then run through the 
roUing mill and reduced from one-half of an inch to eighty-five 
thousandths of an inch. This mill is operated by a 50-horsepower 
motor, and the power is transmitted to the rolls by means of helical 
gears and pinions. After the strips are cut to their proper lengths by 
multiple shears, they are blanlved by the cutting press, running 210 
strokes per minute. The blanks are then upset in order to have 
enough metal at the edge for the border of the finished medallion. 



I 



ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 31 

This tends to harden the edge, and after annealing, cleaning, drying, 
and polishing in a rotary tumbler and drying machine, they are 
ready for stamping. The coining press used for this exerts a pres- 
sure of 150 tons to properly bring up the design and requires only a 
7i-horsepower motor. 

The machines exhibited by the Mint Bureau were a large modem 
coining press, rolling machine, punching machine, coin hopper and 
counting board, screw press (built in 1797 and used at that time 
for stamping small coins), washing machine, riddle or drying machine, 
upsetting machine, and cutting machine. All were in actual oper- 
ation in charge of experts. 

An interesting feature of the Mint Bureau exhibit was the large 
collection of national medals in bronze, which represented the 
highest type of skilled workmanship in the art of die cutting and 
medal staniping. Many were finished in bold relief and were very 
artistic in design. 

For the first time at any exposition the United States assay 
office established a branch in the Government building, where 
deposits of gold were melted and assayed in the presence of visitors 
to the fair. The display consisted of gas furnaces, pouring table 
for gold, crusher, rolls. Cupel furnaces, panning tank, assay balances, 
drill machine, flux bin, Troemer 2,000-ounce scale, flume and flume 
board, cranes, etc. 

On the wall space allotted to the Revenue-Cutter Service were 
hung oU paintings, draped with the flags of the service, showing 
notable historical achievements of the ships of the service. The 
main part of the floor space was utilized for the display of one 
6-pounder Hotchldss hand-operating gun, one 3-pounder semi- 
automatic gun, and one Colt automatic gun, all the guns being 
mounted on cage stands and illustrating the types that are in gen- 
eral use on revenue cutters. Projectiles were exhibited and were 
used to demonstrate the manner of loading and firing. 

There were also six complete models of revenue cutters, em- 
bodying types from the early topsail-schooner class to the modern 
steel propeller, and also a working model of a triple-expansion 
marine engine with shaft and propeller, driven by an electric motor. 
All these models were inclosed in plate-glass and mahogany cases, 
mounted on mahogany tables. Cutlasses, revolvers, rifles, etc., 
were also sho-ivn, together with water-color pictures illustrating the 
various uniforms worn by the officers and men of the service. 

The exhibit of the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service 
was planned to outline the duties with which that bureau is charged 
b}- law and the progress in scientific medicine and public-health 
administration. 

Equipment of a marine hospital was shown, including a clinical 
record case in which were filed the completed records of each patient 
treated. 

A large X-ray room contained an induction coil and static machines, 
demonstrations of which were made several times daily to show the 
public the value of such apparatus in surgery and in the treatment 
of skin and nervous disorders. 

A model of a ward in a marine hospital, showing the furniture used, 
as well as various appliances and instruments, was exhibited. 



( 



32 ALASKA-YUKON-PACinC EXPOSITION. 

The surgical section consisted of a model operating room, having 
in the center life-sized wax figures, representing a surgical operation 
in full progress. Around the sides of the room containing this section 
were placed steam sterilizers for dressings, water sterilizers, irrigating 
stands, and instrument cases containing a complete surgical arma- 
mentarium, glass-topped bottles, glass basins, and all the other appur- 
tenances of a fully equipped operating room. 

A laboratory exhibit was made up of such apparatus as is used in 
chemical and bacteriological laboratories. Samples of the culture 
media upon which germs are planted and tubes and plates containing 
pathogenic organisms were also shown. An illuminated case showed 
microphotographs of various germs and germ carriers. On a table 
were arranged a series of pathological specimens that attracted con- 
siderable attention, and were of great educational value to sani- 
tarians and the medical men in general. These specimens showed 
in natural colors the changes in the organs and tissues of rodents due 
to bubonic plague. The medical officer in charge of the exhibit had 
a number of microscopical preparations of the germs of bubonic 
plague, which were shown under the microscope on request. 

The remainder of the exhibit consisted of models iUustrative of the 
work done by the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service in sup- 
pressing epidemic diseases. A model of a house in New Orleans was 
shown screened against the mosquitoes carrying yellow fever and 
malaria. Adjoining this was a model of a house and stable showing 
the measures to be taken to keep the carrier of bubonic plague at a 
respectful distance. Taxidermal groups of the California ground 
squirrel and its natural enemies were shown to call attention to the 
squirrel as a carrier of bubonic plague. 

As the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service also enforces 
the national and interstate quarantine laws, the remainder of the 
space was devoted to two models of national disinfection and fumiga- 
tion camps at Reedy Island quarantine. Camp Perry, Fla., and a 
model of the tuberculosis sanitarium at Fort Stanton, N. Mex., in 
connection with wliich were models of the tents used in the open-air 
treatment of tuberculosis at this station. 

One of the important adjuncts to the Treasury Department exhibit 
was a complete and modern life-saving station located at the foot of 
the Pay Streak, on the banks of Lake Union, and fully manned by a 
skillful keeper and crew selected from various stations on the Pacific 
coast. It was provided with all necessary furniture and other facili- 
ties for residence and equipped with all modern appliances for the 
saving of life and property fi-om shipwreck, including the entire beach 
apparatus and other gear and appurtenances that are employed by 
the service in establishing line communications between the shore 
and vessel and in rescuing shipwrecked persons when the use of 
boats is not deemed practicable. This station also contained a col- 'i 

lection of boats, consisting of a Beebe-McLellan self-bailing, water- ■ 

ballast surf boat, with centerboard and sails; a 26-foot Dobbins self- 
righting and self-bailing lifeboat equipped with a 40-horsepower 
gasoline engine for the rapid propulsion of same. Paintings and 
photographs illustrating the development of the service and methods 
of operation were displayed on the station walls. 

Exhibition drills of the crew were given daily, consisting of surf- 
boat practice under oars, capsizing and righting life and surfboats; 



ALASKA-YUKON-PACiriC EXPOSITION". 33 

practice with beach apparatus, diving and mimic rescues of supposedly 
drowning persons, including demonstrations of the methods employed 
in the resuscitation of the apparently drowned, and signaling. 

Lectures were given daily in the biograph room, with stereoptican 
illustrations, on the work of the mint, Bureau of Engraving and 
Printing, Life-Saving Service, and the Public Health and Marine- 
Hospital Service. 

WAB DEPARTMENT. 

The exhibit of the War Department was made up of exhibits from 
the office of the Secretary of War, General Staff of the Army, Quarter- 
master's Department, Corps of Engineers, Ordnance Department, 
Signal Corps, Coast Artillery Corps, United States Military Academy, 
and Gettysburg National Military Park, as follows: 

From the office of the Secretary of War a large photograph of the 
Secretary of War; 14 colored transparencies, size 40 by 50 inches, 
which graphically illustrate b}' means of battle pictures the military 
history of the United States; 12 enlarged photographs of scenes in 
the Philippine Islands during the Moro campaign ; a large relief map 
of the Panama Canal and the Canal Zone, and a collection of photo- 
graphs of scenes of work on the Panama Canal. 

From the General Staff of the Army a relief map of the battle 
fields of San Juan and El Caney; a collection of military maps of 
Cuba, the Philippines, Alaska, etc. ; 48 photographs of scenes during 
the Russo-Japanese War; and a collection of the publications issued 
by the Military Information Division. 

From the Quartermaster's Department a complete display of 
uniforms, 3.3 in number, disposed on lay figures, 5 mounted and 28 
unmounted, worn by officers and men in arctic, temperate, and 
tropical climates; 3 models of the U. S. Army transport Sherman, 
2 being sectionalized ; stuffed carabao, hitched to cart from the 
PhUippine Islands, showing the only kind of transportation which 
was available in the Philippines when our troops went out there m 
1898; Army wagon used during Sherman's march to the sea, during 
which time it traveled 4,160 miles; office wagon used by Gen. Thomas 
during the Civil War; models of the different Idnds of tentage used 
in the Army; model of the Arlington National Cemetery; Army 
bedstead, bedding, trunk locker, and barrack chair; a winged frame 
containing 48 plates showing the uniforms of the Army from 1776 
to 1908; 2 lay figures (mules) with aparejos and packs; model of 
a United States Army mine planter; 3 cases containing the various 
chevrons, old and new style, indicating the rank of noncommissioned 
officers in the United States Army; flag stand containing various 
silken colors, national and regimental, and the colors of the President 
of the United States, the Secretary and Assistant Secretary of War. 

From the Corps of Engineers, a relief map of New York Harbor, 
showing the new Ambrose Channel; 5 models showing development 
of ocean vessels in the nineteenth century; model of United States 
ocean-going suction dredge Atlantic; 10 photographic views of the 
Government road system in Yellowstone National Park. 

From the Ordnance Department, 15 cartridge-making machines in 
operation, with five skilled operators who gave practical demon- 
strations of the method and process of manufacture of the smaU-arms 
68713°— S. Doc. 671, 61—3 3 



34 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 

cartridge; a 4.7-inch siege howitzer, which was a new gun and has 
not yet been issued to the service; a 3-inch rapid-fire field gun and 
Umber, with complete outfit of artillery harness disposed on 6 lay 
figures (horses) ; 1 piece of 6-inch armor plate showing results of test- 
ing projectiles at Sandy Hook proving grounds; a 75-millimeter 
Vickers-Maxim mountain gun and carriage; a Gatling gun, caliber .30, 
and carriage (this gun fires 800 shots a minute) ; working models of the 
12-inch gun on disappearing and barbette carriages; models of the 
1 5-pound er and 6-inch rapid-fire guns; a 37-millimeter Vickers-Maxim 
gun and carriage; a very interesting collection of 177 small arms dis- 
played in 2 gun racks; 3 oak blocks showing penetration of small-arm 
bullets; sample boards of automatic pistols, revolvers and pistols, and 
component parts of the latest model United States magazine rifle; 
a 16-inch cast-iron shot, weight 2,400 pounds, and a simulated pow- 
der charge, 640 pounds, for same; a Maxim, caliber .30, automatic 
gun, packed for transportation in the field, on 2 lay figures (mules) ; 
a Maxim, caliber .30, automatic gun on wheel mount; 8, 10, and 12 
inch projectiles; 5 armor-piercing projectiles which had been fired 
through armor plate and recovered whole; samples of metallic cases 
and sectionalized projectiles; boards displaying the various kinds of 
small-arms ammunition manufactured. 

From the Signal Corps, a field wireless telegraph set, in operation; 
a field wireless set, packed for transportation in the field on 3 lay 
figures (mules) ; telephone and aeroscope used in fire-control system 
at Coast Artillery posts; submarine cable instruments in operation 
(these were exact duplicates of the cable instruments which are used 
between Seattle and Alaska) ; telautograph instruments in operation 
(these instruments transmit for miles a facsimile of one's handwriting) ; 
a field telephone s\vitchboard ; time-interval bells; types of sub- 
marine cable ; set of heliograph or sun telegraph instruments ; acety- 
lene lanterns for night signaling; mortar, pistol, and bombs for day 
and night signaling; collection of instruments used by the United 
States Army Signal Corps ; two sets of Signal Corps flags ; a collection 
of photographs, 33 in number, showing the work of the Signal Corps. 

From the Coast Artillery Corps, a realistic exhibition of the means 
of protection which would be aft'orded our harbors in time of war, 
consisting of a miniature mine field with shore connections and a 
model of a battleship floating in a glass tank, the tank representing 
part of a harbor entrance. In the tank were planted a group of 19 
miniature mines, all of which were connected up electrically as would 
be the actual mine cases; the miniature battleship was towed across 
the mine field, and by turning a smtch, when the ship came in con- 
tact with one of the mines, the operator lit it up and at the same time 
exploded a small charge of powder in the turret of the battleship which 
caused the turret to fly open and the smokestacks to fall over and the 
ship to list as if sinking. Five demonstrations of tliis exhibit were 
given each day. To protect the mine field from attempts by the 
enemy to pick up the mines or cut the connections, 2 model forts 
with guns and searchlights were shown; 2 full-size mine oases No. 
32 and No. 38; 3 photographs showing the effects of a submarine mine 
explosion. 

From the United States Military Academy, a frame pavilion, the 
interior of which was an exact reproduction of a cadet room in the 
barracks. On the exterior walls were shown an interesting series 



ALAS:^-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 35 

of photographs of scenes at West Point, together with a series of plas- 
ter tablets and shields bearing the names of graduates IdUed in action 
from 1802 to 1904; the names of those who have received the thanks 
of Congress, medals of honor, and commissions for distinguished 
service, and of those who held high civil office under the Government. 
There was also a smaU entresol or room in which was displayed pho- 
tographs of a number of distinguished graduates, superintendents, 
and professors of the Mihtary Academy; the schedules of studies, 
textbooks, and some historical data fi'om the academy library. 

From the Gettysburg National Park Commission, a rehef map of 
the Gettysburg battlefield, size 11 by 15 feet; 6 large maps and 57 
photographic views of the battle field. 

The exhibit was prepared and instaUed under the direction of John 
C. Scofield, assistant and chief clerk War Department, with Joseph J. 
Hittinger, cliief special agent, in immediate charge. 

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. 

It need hardly be said that a department dealing mostly with ques- 
tions of law, and in its administration coming but rarely in direct 
contact with the people of the country, can not compete with most 
of the other executive departments, as an exhibitor of entertaining 
objects Ulustrating its functions. People attend expositions, however, 
to receive impressions and not to pursue profound investigations, and 
an earnest effort, therefore, was made by the representative to col- 
lect and arrange materials for the department's exhibit in Seattle 
which would be interesting to the majority of citizens and as repre- 
senting in the best manner possible some of the functions of a depart- 
ment which, though but a very modest factor in the exposition, is 
otherwise as important as any. 

In the assignment of space, the Department of Justice received 
approximately 2,618 square feet of fioor space, adjoining the space 
of the Smithsonian Institution, the division Une being marked by 
screens which were substantial and ornamental and on which were 
displayed appropriate exhibits. 

From the appropriation for the United States Government exhibit 
the sum of $4,000 was aUotted to the Department of Justice. This 
amount was more than sufficient to meet aU expenses, including the 
purchase of new material, preparation, packing, transportation, 
maintenance, etc. 

Owing to the fact that the duties of the representative in Wash- 
ington would not permit of his going to Seattle personahy to install 
the exhibit, Mr. Charles B. Hopkins, United States marshal at Seattle, 
was designated as acting representative, and the exhibit was installed 
under his supervision. Mr. Hopkins, in addition to his regular duties 
as United States marshal at Seattle, gave the exhibit his personal 
attention throughout the exposition period, and he discharged his 
responsibUity with ability and discretion. 

At previous expositions the oil portraits of Attorneys General 
occupied most of the wall space and were rehed upon as the chief 
feature of attraction, but, owing to the long journey from Wash- 
ington to Seattle and the risk of damage to the portraits, none was 
sent to the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition. To take their places, 
however, a number of charts were prepared showing the organization 



36 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 

of the United States courts. Other large statistical wall charts were 
also shown giving a statement of the amount of business in the United 
States courts for the year, including a separate chart of bankruptcy 
statistics. They were not the best exposition material, but were 
representative of the department's functions. 

A large hand-drawn map, showing the nine Federal judicial circuits 
and districts of the United States and the places of holding Federal 
court, occupied a side wall of the exliibit room. Small reproductions 
of this map were gratuitously distributed to interested persons. 

Through the courtesy of the clerk of the Supreme Court of the 
United States there was presented a most interesting collection of 
records from the Supreme Court files. Not many persons, even 
among those of the legal profession, were aware that jury trials had 
ever been held in the Supreme Court, and the list of jurors, return- 
able February 2, 1795, which appeared among the papers loaned by 
this court, was a revelation. There were also shown manuscript 
dockets of the Chief Justice and of Justice Washington for 1820 and 
1817, respectively; "allotments of circuit terms, 1792 and 1796;" 
"venire returnable August 5, 1794;" and other ancient records per- 
taining to this, the highest court of the United States. 

The department also had on display plaster-cast busts of the Chief 
Justices of the United States from the time of Jolm Jay to Morrison 
K. Waite. Busts of Rufus Choate and Daniel Webster also occupied 
pedestals. These busts were made from the originals in the Supreme 
Court of the United States by special permission of the Chief Justice, 
Hon. Melville W. FuUer, and are the only duplicates in existence, the - 
molds having been destroyed as soon as the duplicates were made. 

HISTORICAL PAPERS. 

The United States circuit court at Richmond, Va., loaned from its 
files, for display at the exposition, a collection of papers in the 
Aaron Burr treason case, among them being the original indictment 
charging Burr mth treason against the United States, and the original 
order for his arrest signed by Chief Justice John Marshall ; a subpoena 
duces tecum to President Jefferson and others in this case, and the 
deposition of Aaron Burr as to a letter of Gen. Wilkinson to President 
Jefferson material to Burr's defense. There also appeared among the 
papers from the Richmond court the original indictments against 
Herman Blennerhassett and Jonathan Dayton for treason and raising 
rmlitary expeditions. 

Perhaps one of the most important features of the exhibit was the 
collection of old papers and documents taken from the files of the 
Department of Justice displayed in three large show cases. These 
papers included letters bearing the autograph signatures of John 
Quincy Adams, Daniel Webster, Andrew Jackson, and others. There 
was an autograph letter by John G. Whittier and one by Abraham 
Lincoln, while others bore the signatures of Commodores Perry, Hull, 
Decatur, and Porter. Also on exhibition was a sheet of letter paper 
showing the insignia of mourning used after the death of President 
Lincoln, and a pardon granted by President WiUiam McKinley and 
attested by Hon. John W. Griggs, Attorney General. 

Of considerable historical interest was the sjDlendid edition of the 
Hargrave State Trials, in 6 volumes, which was published in London 



ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 37 

in 1776. These volumes contain complete records of the proceedings 
on charges of high treason from the second year of the reign of Richard 
II to the sixteenth year of the reign of George III, against such 
famous people as ]Mary Queen of Scots, Ann Boleyn, Sir Walter 
Raleigh, and many others. 

There was also presented a collection of original documents and 
photographs in the celebrated Peralta-Reavis case, conducted in the 
United States Court of Private Land Claims. This case attracted 
widespread attention on account of the enormous tract of land 
involved, consisting of an alleged grant from the King of Spain of 
nearly 12,500,000 acres in Arizona and New Mexico, and the claim- 
ant's skillful creation of an apparently complete chain of documentary 
evidence of Spanish ancestry. 

Effectively arranged upon the walls were also a number of water- 
color paintings, photographs, engraved portraits, placques, etc., all 
illustrative of people and subjects identified with the department, 
among them appearing large free-hand drawings entitled "Law," 
"Power of the Law," and "Justice," the originals of which are in 
the Congressional Library. One hundred and thirty-eight etched 
portraits of the Chief Justices of the United States, Associate Justices 
of the Supreme Court, the Attorneys General of the United States, 
and the signers of the Declaration of Independence were displayed in 
"wing frames." 

A display was made of several hundred law books, consisting of a 
set of Federal Statutes, Annotated; the Court of Claims Reports, in 
4.3 volumes; Encyclopedia, United States Supreme Court Reports; 
May's LTnited States Supreme Court Practice; Legal Classic Series; 
United States Reports ; Rose's Notes, LTnited States Reports; United 
States Compiled Statutes, and many others. These books were 
loaned to the department for exposition purposes through the kind- 
ness of Messrs. John Byrne & Co., of Washington, D. C; Callaghan 
& Co., of Chicago; and the Edward Thompson Co., of Northport, 
N. y. Among volumes owned by the department on display were 
the United States Statutes at Large, the Revised Statutes of the 
United States, the Federal Reports, Opinions of the Attorney Gen- 
eral, 1908, and a collection of treaties. 

The display of photographs and objects showing the methods of 
confinement, treatment, and labor of United States prisoners in the 
penitentiaries at Leavenworth, Kans., Atlanta, Ga., and McNeil 
Island, Wash., were unusually interesting. There were shown many 
specimens of the work done by convicts, including curios, stone vases, 
garments worn by the prisoners, etc. Pictures from the McNeil 
Island Penitentiary showing pheasants and ducks raised by the in- 
mates and sold to obtain funds for the purchase of magazines, pho- 
nograph records, etc., for use in this prison were on exhibition. 
Specimens of the finger-print method of identification as used in the 
Federal prisons were interesting and instructive. 

As showing the industrial training given girls in reformatories, a 
collection of raffia baskets, made by the colored inmates of the 
Reform School for Girls of the District of Columbia, was presented. 
The variety of shapes and sizes of these baskets, their beautiful col- 
oring, and clever workmanship added materially to the attractive- 
ness of the exliibit of the Department of Justice and constituted a 
feature not heretofore included. 



38 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 

At the request of Dr. Thomas F. Kane, president of the University 
of Washington, at Seattle, tlie two stone vases made by prisoners at 
the United States penitentiary at Leavenworth, Kans., and exhib- 
ited at the exposition were loaned by the Attorney General, at the 
close of the exposition to the University of Washington, as were 
also the three large show cases used for exhibition purposes. These 
articles are subject to recall by the departnient at any time. 

A contract was made with expert packers in Seattle for dismantling 
and packing the exhibit. Work was begun on the morning after the 
close of the exposition, and was completed within four days, when 
the exhibit was ready for loading and reshipment to Washington. 

The employees at Seattle in connection with the exhibit were 
Miss Carrie B. Hopkins, custodian, and Mr. Holland F. Burr, assistant 
custodian, both of whom discharged their duties with discretion and 
ability. 

POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT. 

The exhibit of the Post OfEce Department at the Alaska- Yukon- 
Pacific Exposition occupied 7,000 square feet on the main floor of the 
Government building. 

The display consisted of a complete collection of postage stamps, 
postal cards, and stamped envelopes of the United States, and of all 
stamp-issuing countries of the world ; the equipment used in handling 
the mails and a comprehensive exhibit of the mail transportation 
facilities from the dog sledge and pony express to the newest type of 
all-steel mail car; the history, records, and statistics of the Post 
Office Department, including an interesting collection from the Dead 
Letter Office ; mutoscope machines, illustrating the various operations 
in handling the mails and a model post olfice for receiving and dis- 
tiibuting mails on the exposition grounds. 

The department was represented bj^ Messrs. Kichard P. Covert, 
chief clerk. Post Ofl5ce Department; A. H. Baldwin, chief, Division of 
Correspondence, office of the First Assistant Postmaster General, and 
Stanley I. Slack, curator. Post Office Department Museum. 

NAVY DEPARTMENT. 

The exhibit of the Navy Department at the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific 
Exposition was selected and installed with a view of presenting to the 
public in a most comprehensive manner within the allotted space, the 
United States Navy as an entirety and as an organization in detail. 
Its ships of the several classes, articles of ships' equipment, instru- 
ments and charts used in navigation, and the method of chart produc- 
tion; the guns comprising a ship's armament, together with speci- 
mens of ammunition for the several guns ; a working model of a floating 
dry-dock for placing ships in position for repairs to their hulls ; machin- 
ery for propelling our ships ; interesting data pertaining to the physical 
requirements of and the physical welfare of the Navy's personnel; 
views of the L^nited States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Md., where 
naval ofiicers receive the education fitting them for their future duties ; 
photographs of navy yards and naval stations ; specimens of uniforms, 
arms, and accouterments of the United States Marine Corps; and 
various other exhibits of historical interest and miscellaneous char- 
acter, were all exhibited and arranged with this object in view. 



ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 39 

The Bureau of Yards and Docks displayed the working model of 
the steel floating dry-dock Dewey, and the working of the dock was 
fully explained by daily lectures. There were also shown photographs 
of navy yards and stations, dry-docks, slips, shops, quarters, etc., at 
Boston, Mass., Newport, R. I., New York, League Island, Pa., Nor- 
folk, Va., Washington, D. C, New Orleans, La., Mare Island, Cal., 
and Puget Sound, Wash. 

The Bureau of Equipment and Naval Hydrographic Office exhibited 
a selected portfolio, including a set of Hydrographic Office charts of 
Lower California, entirely' original work ; original drawing and litho- 
graph of Hydrographic Office chart No. 867, south coast of Oahu 
Island, showing Honolulu and Pearl Harbor; the drawing, original 
plate, alto, and two copies of the Hydrographic Office chart No. 1310, 
Lower California, Cerros Island to Abreojos Point, entirely United 
States Navy work, and illustrating three processes of chart making, 
drawing, engraving and printing; original plate, alto and basso, with 
copy of Hydrographic Office chart No. 363, showing process of elec- 
trotyping of chart plates; copy of Hydrographic Office chart No. 1503, 
submarine cable chart of the world ; copy of chart of wireless telegraph 
stations of the world ; copies of Hydrographic Office sailing directions ; 
serial publications for 190S-9; pilot charts for 1908-9. 

Among the flags displayed were President's No. 1, Secretary of the 
Navy, Admiral of the Navy, rear admiral (blue), rear admiral (red), 
national ensign, Union Jack, narrow pennant, senior officer's mark. 

There were exhibited four models, full size, of 6,000-pound Navy 
type anchors with model chain, a full-sized model of a 17,600-pound 
stockless anchor, and a full-sized model of a 13,000-pound standard 
anchor. 

Sets of panels mounted with samples of rope, cables, and cordage 
manufactured at the Boston Navy Yard, and sets of panels mounted 
with knots, splices, hitches, and bends in wire and hemp, used by 
seamen in the Navy; a Tanner sounding machine, and a Thompson 
sounding machine were exhibited ; also a complete Army signal outfit 
for Navy use, and an electric night-signaling set, complete with key- 
board, cable, ladder, and four signal lanterns. 

The Bureau of Ordnance exhibited the following: One 5-inch 
breech-loading rifle and mount, complete with all accessories; one 
3-inch breech-loading rifle and mount, complete with all accessories ; 
1 6-pounder semiautomatic gun and mount, complete with all 
accessories; 1 3-pounder semiautomatic gun and mount, complete 
with all accessories; 1 1-pounder semiautomatic gun and mount, 
complete with all accessories; 1 Colt automatic gun, .30 caliber, 
with tripod mount, complete with all accessories; 1 Whitehead 
torpedo, 3.55 millimeters by 45 centimeters, Mark II; 1 Whitehead 
torpedo launching tube, 3.55 millimeters by 45 centimeters, complete 
with mount; 20 magazine rifles, .30 caliber, bayonets and cartridge 
belts; 3 magazine rifles, .30 caliber, with mechanism exposed to show 
working thereof ; 1 armor-piercing and 1 common shell ; 1 frame con- 
taining Navy standard cartridge cases; 1 frame containing sections 
of 3-inch brass cartridge cases cut in sections to show various stages 
of manufacture; specimens of fixed ammunition for United States 
Navy guns from 1 pounder to 6 inches in caliber; samples of smoke- 
less powder; samples of guncotton; iron plates showing penetration 
of bullet fired from Lee straight-pull rifle; wooden blocks showing 



40 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 

penetration of bullet fired from Lee straight-puU rifle; models, longi- 
tudinal sections, full size, with model ammunition charges in position, 
of United States naval ordnance which has been used in the United 
States Navy from the earliest period to the present day. 

The Bureau of Construction and Repair exhibited models of battle- 
ships Connecticut, Virginia, Maine, Illinois, Oregon, Kearsarge, 
Mississippi, Iowa, Texas; armored cruisers West Virginia, WasTiing- 
ton, BrooMyn, New Yorlc; unarmored protected cruisers, Colurribia, 
St. Louis, Olympia; and single-turret harbor-defense manitor Arkan- 
sas; models of vessels-, longitudinal sections, showing the evolution 
in naval construction in the United States, from the first ship of the 
Navy, the Bon Homme Richard, to vessels of the present date. 

From the Bureau of Steam Engineering was exhibited an operat- 
ing model of a quadruple expansion marine engine of the type used in 
a third-class torpedo boat, the engine being built by midshipmen 
under instruction in the classes of marine engineering and naval con- 
struction at the Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md., and a drawing of an 
engine used in the side-wheel U. S. S. Powhatan in 1849, and dis- 
played in the same frame and to the same scale was a drawing of a 
triple-expansion engine for a torpedo boat of the period of 1891, the 
comparison between these two drawings showing the progress which 
had been made in steam marine engineering between the dates stated. 

Pubhoations were exhibited by the Bureau of Medicine and Sur- 
gery. 

The exhibit of the United States Marine Corps consisted of a dis- 
play of uniforms, arms, and accouterments of the corps, with uni- 
forms displayed on wax figures. 

Among the naval relics displayed were: A model of the French line 
of battleship ViUe de Paris of the period of 1781; model of the 
French line of battleship Dante of the period of 1657; model of the 
old U. S. S. Kearsarge; model of the old U. S. S. Maine, sunk in the 
harbor of Habana, Cuba, February 16, 1898; Union Jack in daily 
use aboard the old U. S. S. Maine at the time of her destruction; 
figurehead of the U. S. S. Olympia, flagship of Admiral Dewey at the 
battle of Manila Bay; figurehead of the Spanish warship Don Juan 
de Ulloa, flagship of the Spanish fleet at the battle of Manila Bay; 
improvised sextant made of wreckage from the old U. S. S. Saginaw, 
by Engineer Herschel Maine, United States Navy, and used for 
navigating an open boat a distance of 1,500 mOes at sea in search of 
assistance. 

The battle between the U. S. S. Constitution and the British ships 
Levant and Oyane, the battle between the U. S. S. Bonhomme 
Richard and the British ship Serapis, and the battle of Lake Erie, 
were shown by illuminated transparencies. 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. 

The exhibit of the Department of the Interior proper occupied the 
northwest quarter of the main Government building, and covered 
approximately 11,060 square feet of floor space. 

Not all the bureaus of the department lend themselves readily to 
exhibition, for their work is not of the sort that can be shown by 
concrete objects. For instance, the Pension Office, though it dis- 
burses nearly $162,000,000 a year, can not show to the eye of a casual 



I 



ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 41 

visitor the machinery which is necessary for the investigations which 
precede the pajonent of sucli stupendous sums. Similarly the Patent 
Office, with its direct and vital connection with the industrial forces 
of the country, would make but a poor showing if it undertook to 
display the actual work which it does, namely, the examination and 
allowance or rejection of applications for patents. And the task of 
the Bureau of Education in the collection and diffusion of educa- 
tional information is by no means spectacular in itself. Neverthe- 
less, all the bureaus of the department had their share in the exhibit, 
and their principal functions were indicated, even when it was not 
possible to show them satisfactorilj'' and fuUj'. 

Of them all, the Geological Survey is the best exliibitor, when its 
own proper work alone is considered. The chemical laboratories, 
map making and printing, rock grinding, mine rescue work, and the 
incidents of geologic field work and topographic engineering make 
excellent and attractive exhibits, all of which are utilized fully. 
A hthographic printing press was installed upon wlaich was printed 
a map of the environs of Seattle, in three colors. The map was, of 
course, prepared by the topographers and engravers of the Geological 
Survey, and being distributed gratuitously in considerable numbers, 
formed one of the most popular features of the exhibit. A chemical 
laboratory was in actual operation, sho'wing an important phase of 
the work of the survey which requires the aid of chemistry in the 
determination of minerals, the examination of water, the analysis 
of oils and fuels, etc. All these uses were developed in the opera- 
tions of the laboratory, which was excellently equipped and was 
under a very competent chemist. 

As showing other customary methods employed in the determina- 
tion of minerals, a machine for preparing ,thin rock sections and a 
fine microscope were installed. The grinding machme was a never- 
faihng attraction. The skill of the attendant in producing films 
of dense rocks which were so thin as to be translucent, and that, too, 
\vithout destroying the structure of the rock, was frequently a sub- 
ject of comment. And the beautiful play of color produced in the 
same rock by the use of polarized light in the microscope was always 
the source of wonder. The necessary limitation in the number of 
people who can use the microscope, and the need of an attendant to 
be always on hand reduce the availability of this feature, but to the 
extent to which it can be shown it is unexcelled as a highly instructive 
and entertaining exhibit. 

A large wall map, showing the distribution of minerals of economic 
value in the United States, was excellently drawn and proved an 
exhibit of great usefulness. A striking feature of the exhibit of the 
survey was the demonstration of mine rescue apparatus in the 
mines building, it being impracticable to provide the facilities for 
the demonstration in the main Government building. A large air- 
tight room with glass windows was built, representing the interior 
of a mine. This was on occasion filled with fumes of sulphur and 
other noxious gases in which no breathing creature could hve with- 
out extraordinary protection; yet into it went men who could 
remain for an hour or more, performing heavy work, and suffering 
httle or no discomfort — they were armored with the Draeger oxygen 
apparatus, a type of the devices which the technologic branch of 
the survey is endeavoring to bring into general use to lessen the 



42 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 

appalling loss of life in American mining. The demonstration was 
an impressive one that was peculiarly suited to a section of the 
country in which mines are numerous. The fact that it had re- 
markably fulfilled its function was forcibly shown when imme- 
diately after a terrible disaster in one of the mines in the vicinity, 
at Roslyn, Wash., a telegram came urging that our men ^vith their 
apparatus be sent at once to aid in exploring the wrecked mine, and 
if possible to rescue the survivors, if there were any. Two men, 
Mr. W. S. Robbins and Mr. W. M. Barnette, were at once dispatched, 
and Mr. Barnette spent 36 consecutive hours in the mine; but only 
one mule was found alive. 

Though the work of the Patent Office in itself oilers little oppor- 
tunity for display, its results and influence are incalculable, and in 
indicating these exhibits without end of unequaled attractiveness 
may be made. The industrial development of the last century may 
be said with truth to have been impossible without the aid of the 
patent system, for what incentive would there be to stimulate 
invention if the inventor could not enjoy the fruits of his labor? 
Broadly speaking, therefore, the patent laws, which insure to the 
inventor a monopoly for a limited time in the manufacture and sale 
of his invention, are in the ultimate analysis the basis of the pros- 
perity of this country. The Patent Office may justly claim among 
its results any patented device wliich required costly experiment 
and elaborate research in its development and perfection, for without 
the proffered legal monopoly the time and money necessary to pro- 
duce the perfected machine would, in all human probability, never 
have been expended. With this theory as a basis, the Patent Office 
collected and presented an exhibit of great attractiveness, consistmg 
of a few of the more important of the later inventions which are 
susceptible to exhibition under the conditions that were met in the 
Government building. 

The material for the exhibit was all obtained by loan from the 
respective manufacturers, for in no other way could it be obtained 
in the most approved and satisfactory shape. The classes of inven- 
tion included were telegraphy, steam engines, agricultural machinery, 
automatic musical instruments, lighting, and photography. In each 
line- it was intended to present representative inventions showing 
marked advance over the previous state of the art. All were in full 
operation. 

In telegraphy the invention selected was the "telepost," by 
means of which messages are transmitted by wire at extraordinary 
rapidity by means of perforated strips at the sending end and sensitive 
paper at the receiving end. The operation involves a number of 
delicate and highly efficient instruments, which are attractive in 
appearance and excellent material from the standpoint of an exhibitor. 

Turbine engines of the Curtis, Parsons, and De Laval types were 
presented to show the latest word in the improvement of this class 
of machinery. Naturally this exhibit was of most interest to 
engineers, but in such an important seaport as Seattle these form a 
very numerous class. The officers from the squadron of Japanese 
warships that visited the exposition showed marked interest in the 
comparison of the three types of engines and in the examination of 
their details. 






ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 43 

Agricultural machinery was represented by a collection of models, 
loaned by the International Harvester Co., which represented all the 
important steps in the development of this important industry. 
The models were in operation, and the accuracy and beauty of their 
construction aided in attracting attention to the more important 
historical and economic side of the exhibit. 

As a fitting representative of the large and growing class of auto- 
matic musical instruments, the combined violin and piano produced 
by the jMUIs Novelty Co., of Chicago, was chosen, and without ques- 
tion it proved to be our best drawing card. Its beauty of tone and 
dehcacy of shading were a revelation to those expecting mechanical 
effects from mechanical instruments; and the ingenuity of its con- 
struction was invariably a matter of comment by the comparatively 
few whom it was possible to allow to examine its inner workings. 

The several methods of producing color effects were, of course, the 
features emphasized in the exhibits in the class of photography. 
Plates made by the McDonough-Joly process, the Ives chromoscopes, 
and Lumiere's autochromes were displayed. The Ives "parallax 
stereograms," in which the image stands out in bold relief in a start- 
ling manner without the use of lenses or any of the accustomed para- 
phernalia of the stereoscope, were also shown, and as usual attracted 
much attention. 

The exhibit of lighting included nine of the most important of the 
modern methods of illumination, with descriptive labels showing the 
significance of each. 

The American Indian is a subject of perennial interest, and any- 
thing that relates to him in his primitive life is always sure to attract 
attention. But there is little of romance about the Indian who lives 
the white man's way. 

A painted savage on a painted pony wiU cause a thriU in any Amer- 
ican breast; but who could imagine a more prosaic and commonplace 
sight than a brown-skinned plowman in a broad-brimmed hat and 
blue overalls ? But the plowman, earning his liveUhood by the sweat 
of his brow and contributing his share to the strength and prosperity 
of the Nation, typifies the condition which the Government seelts to 
reach. Painted skins, long hair, and simple blanket robes are pic- 
turesque, but they are parts of the old life which is to be left behind, 
and they find no favor in the eyes of the Indian Office. The means of 
leading the Indian along the road fTom savagery to civihzation and 
his work along the lines that the white man has laid down are the 
saUent features of the present-day Indian life which an exhibit of the 
department myst show. Tomahawks and war bonnets, therefore, were 
not to be found in the Indian exhibit, but instead there were specimens 
of tailoring, wagon making, and carpentry. Instead of fringed and 
beaded suits of buckskin, the Indian women are now proud to show 
as their handiwork yards of thread lace and elaborate pieces of 
embroidery. 

The exhibit of the Bureau of Indian Affairs at this exposition con- 
sisted entirely of school work. A conspicuous exception was the 
showing of the work of the bureau in combating tuberculosis among 
the Indians. It is well known that the radical change in their man- 
ner of living has been followed by increased prevalence of tubercu- 
losis among the Indians. While they lived in tepees and changed 
their camps often, sanitation was of little importance, and there was 



44 ALASKA-YUKON-PACinC EXPOSITION. 

no question as to an abundant supply of pure air. But in making 
the change to permanent and well-built houses it is not unusual for 
Indians to show a disregard to the ordinary precautions of sanitation 
that is startUng to a white man, and for famihes to remain in winter in 
small houses for long periods ^v^th no thought of ventilation. Such 
ignorance is easily understood under the circumstances, and the 
increase in diseases resulting from such conditions is to be expected. 
The steps which the Indian Office is taking to remove the causes of the 
increase, and the means of combating the diseases which have already 
arisen, made an interesting feature of the exhibit. 

During the entire period of the exposition an attendant. Miss 
Belle Z. Mounts, was on duty, who in herself constituted an excellent 
exhibit of the results of Indian school instruction. She was of good 
appearance and address, intelhgent and tactful, and contributed 
much to the success of the exhibit. 

It is impossible to make for the Pension Bureau an exhibit com- 
mensurate with its importance. There is nothing in the nature of a 
spectacle in the allowance and payment of a pension to a disabled 
soldier. The man files an application; his record is examined; the 
necessary legal and medical investigations are made; and if the 
applicant is found to fall within the law he is placed upon the pension 
rolls and receives a regular stipend during the remainder of his life. 
If not, his application is rejected. That, in brief, is the whole story, 
and though the work is heavy in volume and varied in character, 
there is little in it that can be sho\\Ti as an exhibit. Views of the 
Pension Office Building, statistics, blank forms, and a number of 
interesting papers of historical significance comprised the exhibit. 

The General Land Office is like the Pension Office in that its 
opportunities for Ansual display are limited. The administration of 
the public lands is a work of importance second to none, but there is 
in it little to show objectively. A large map, finely executed, show- 
ing the proportion of public lands in each State which had been 
appropriated under the several laws relating to the subject, was the 
central feature of the exhibit, and a number of historical papers 
conspicuously displayed comprised the rest of it. Among the papers 
the one most popular was the original mortgage given by the Northern 
Pacific Railroad Co. in which it pledged as security for an issue of bonds 
for not over $125,000,000 the 60,000,000 acres of land donated by 
the United States, and all other property of the company. Twenty 
thousand dollars in revenue stamps were affixed to the document. 
On account of its local significance this paper attracted a great deal 
of attention, but there were others of equal interest to the general 
visitor. 

During the entire exposition there was a constant succession of 
inquiries upon points relating to the settlement of public lands, and 
for a short time before the opening of the Coeur d'Alene, Flathead, 
and Spokane reservations the inquiries were so numerous as to amount 
almost to a serious embarrassment. Literature was available for 
distribution, however, and it was usually possible to meet all demands 
that were made. 

No floor space was occupied by the Reclamation Service, but 40 
handsome colored transparencies were installed in the windows. 
These showed scenes upon the projects of the service and constituted 
a strikingly effective pictorial exhibit. It was in the lecture room, 



I 



ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 45 

however, that the Reclamation Service had its strongest representa- 
tion. The daily lectures of. Mr. C. J. Blanchard, statistician of the 
service, were well attended and must have been of great benefit in 
encouraging the rapid settlement of the lands covered by the several 
projects. 

The Bureau of Education has no administrative function except in 
connection with the schools for Alaskan natives. It has certain 
supervision over the "land-grant colleges" in the States, but it has no 
direct connection with the educational system of the country or any 
State. Its principal duty is to "collect and diffuse educational 
information." It is, therefore, essentially a publishing agency, and 
consequently its own work is scarcely susceptible to successful exhi- 
bition, except so far as it relates to Alaska. A buUding being set 
apart for Alaskan exhibits, and that building being under the control 
of the Department of the Interior, it was decided to place in it all 
the exhibits of the Bureau of Education that relate to Alaska. 

As finally constituted, the exhibit in the main building was not an 
exposS of the ordinary routine work of the bureau, but it was made in 
itself a means of "diffusing educational information," a topic of vital 
importance, rural schools being chosen as the central feature of the 
exhibit. 

The following description was written early in the history of the 
exposition by Miss Annie Tolman Smith, of the Bureau of Education, 
a member of the committee appointed to prepare the exhibit: 

In the plans formed for this exliibit two pnrposea have been kept in view: First, 
the provision of a conference room for teachers and officers of education who may visit 
the exposition; second, the illustration of recent movements for the improvement 
and extension of rural education in this country. 

In the conference room, which is included within the section assigned to the Bureau 
of Education, all persons engaged in the work of education will find ready welcome. 
Here they may consult recent publications of the bureau pertaining to current move- 
ments, and similar works from other sources. Writing materials will be at their dis- 
posal; appointments may be made for professional conferences, and announcements 
of such conferences will be published in the daily bulletin of the exposition, by pre- 
vious arrangement with the official in charge of the section. To facilitate this inter- 
change of professional views, a conference table and office chairs have been provided. 
In addition to the selected literature already referred to, a complete set of the publi- 
cations of the Bureau of Education will be found in this room. 

The improvement of rural education starts, it may be said, with the schoolhouse. 
Hence, special emphasis is placed upon this feature in the exhibit of the bureau. The 
model of an improved type of single district school, contributed by the Hon. Francis 
G. Blair, State superintendent of public instruction, Illinois, indicates what may be 
done by a few additions to the primitive type of rural school, in the way of affording 
facilities for extending the course of study, providing for special exercises, and promot- 
ing habits of order and refinement through the mere influence of suitable surroundings. 

For the graphic representation of the system of consolidated schools, which has 
worked a revolution in rural education in several States, the office is indebted to Hon. 
F. A. Cotton, former superintendent of public instruction, Indiana, and to Hon. E. A. 
Jones, State commissioner of common schools, Ohio; a few photographs from other 
sources are also included. The movement for better schoolhouses thus illustrated is 
rapidly progressing in all sections of the Union, very largely through the efforts of 
women's clubs. 

The report of the committee of fifteen places geography as second only to arithmetic 
"among the branches that correlate man to nature." This study exercises both 
memory and imagination, and it may be used with great effect, even with very ele- 
mentary pupils in developing a sense of unity between the elements of knowledge that 
come to us first as merely isolated details; hence, the method of teaching this branch 
is a matter of vital importance. Through the cooperation of Prof. Farnham, of the 
Oswego Normal School, the Bureau of Education is able to present a very suggestive 
course in geography with its development by class exercises. 



46 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 

Nature study appeals to instinctive interests in the mind of a child which are not 
reached at all by the first stages of more formal studies. Germany and England have 
taken the lead in due provision for training in this subject, which starts with observa- 
tion and leads naturally to a perception of relations and causes in the forms of processes 
of nature. Our own country has made numerous experiments in this kind of training, 
many of them transient and many more fragmentary. Here and there, however, the 
idea has been well worked out by methods that lend themselves to graphic presenta- 
tion. The course of instruction in nature study, included in the exhibit, was con- 
tributed to the bureau by Dr. L. L. W. Wilson, of the Philadelphia Normal School, who 
achieved reputation by similar presentations at the Universal Exposition in Paris, 
1900, and at the Nature Study Exhibition held in London in 1902. The suggestions 
of this model course can readily be adapted by teachers of rural schools to the material 
which nature offers in their several localities. 

Nature study may be regarded as the first step in a rational effort to promote 
interest in agriculture as a branch of study for secondary schools. The efforts in 
this du'ection now going on in this country are illustrated in the exhibit by numerous 
graphic presentations, monographs, leaflets, and portable apparatus for use in couraes 
of instruction in domestic science. 

The equipment of rural schools for the study of nature, commercial geography, and 
kindred subjects is vastly increased by traveling museums, which bear to this class 
of studies the same relation as circulating libraries bear to literature and history. 
For the specimen museum collections in the exhibit the Bureau of Education is 
indebted to Prof. D. C. Ridgeley, of the State Normal University, Normal, 111., to 
Mr. W. P. Wilson, director of the Philadelphia Museums, and to Mr. George H. Sher- 
wood, cui-ator of the Museum of Natural History, New York. 

The basis of manual training and all those arts which depend for their commercial 
value upon manual skill and esthetic feeling is laid in drawing and modeling. The 
remarkable development that has been made in this country in respect to art instruc- 
tion is indicated by the collective public-school art exhibit which was formed pri- 
marily for the International Congress on Art Instruction, held in London last year, 
by Mr. Charles M. Carter, director of art instruction, Denver, Colo., and Mr. Henry 
Turner Bailey, of North Scituate, Mass. 

A special collection has also been made for the present exhibit by Mr. Bailey which 
is designed to illustrate the results that may be expected from pupils in rural schools 
under competent instruction. 

The forms of manual training which may properly be included in the schools for 
general education are illustrated by several collections in the exhibit comprising 
photographs of classes at work, drawings to scale, and examples of wood and metal 
work. A feature of this section is the typical course of manual training developed 
through a graded series of exercises. This series, which is equally adapted to city 
and country high schools, was selected and arranged by Dr. Calvin M. Woodward, 
the originator of manual-training high schools in this country. The significance of 
industrial art education in home and social life is also brought to view by a few 
exhibits showing the application of design and modeling in the decoration of textiles 
and comparatively inexpensive articles intended for home use or decoration. These 
elements, as the labels show, have all been contributed J)y well-known promoters of 
industrial art equally interested in its educational and commercial aspects. 

In addition to the features specifically mentioned, the exhibit of the bureau includes 
illustrations of recent efforts for extending the scope or strengthening the social 
influence of rural public schools which have not yet passed the experimental stage. 
Many of these efforts ^dll undoubtedly be transient, but they all arise from impulses 
that are working valuable and lasting changes in the spirit of public education. 

The most spectacular of the exhibits presented by the department 
consisted of two large panoramas representmg Yellowstone Falls and 
Crater Lake^ respectiveljj both of which are in national parks con- 
trolled by the Department of the Interior. 

The panoramas were executed by Gates & Morange, of New York 
City, and were distinctly creditable to the artists and to the depart- 
ment. They covered about a thousand feet of floor space and 
occupied a vertical distance of 36 feet, extending both above and 
below the exhibit floor. The colors were as true to nature as it was 
possible to make them, an artist having been sent to make sketches 
on the ground. 



ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 47 

A striking peculiarity of Crater Lake is the deep blue color of the 
water. It is 2,000 feet deep and its smooth surface forms a perfect 
mirror. These characteristics were reproduced in the painting with 
remarkable fidelitjr by means that were very ingenious but surpris- 
ingly simple. The surface of the water was represented by blue 
gauze, and the reflection was a second paintmg below the gauze that 
was exactly the same, in reverse, as the painting above. And the 
illusion was perfect. 

The flow of water over Yellowstone Falls was simulated by hght 
from a stereopticon with a revolving disk. So nearly like falling 
water was the effect that few doubted that water was actually used, 
and the attendants were constantly asked to explain how the water 
was taken off. 

The extensive use of photographic transparencies for window dis- 
play has come to be a regular feature of the Interior Department 
exiiibits, and they are used more freely by us than by any other 
department. On this occasion not less than a hundred were shown, 
none of which was less than 30 by 42 inches in size. Of these the 
subjects of 41 were taken from the Reclamation Service, 16 from the 
Geological Survey, 16 from the Bureau of Education, and 27 from the 
national parks, etc. The photographic work was done by Mr. W. H. 
Rau, of Philadelphia; Mr. J. K. IliUers, of Washington, D. C; and 
Mr. E. B. Thompson, of the Reclamation Service; and the coloring 
was by the hand of Miss Emma K. Jackson. All did their work well 
and the finished pictures were strikingly effective. 

DEPARTMENT OF AGBICTJLTUBE. 

The exiiibits of the Department of Agriculture occupied a floor 
space of 17,000 square feet and approximately 2,400 square feet of 
wall space. Seven bureaus and offices were represented. The 
Forest Service exhibits were located on the lower, or 145-foot, level 
adjoining the Treasury Department, in the southwest corner of the 
main Government building. The other bureaus and offices making 
exhibits were located on the 163-foot level irnmediately over the 
Forest Service. 

The Secretary of Agriculture designated Col. S. R. Burch, chief 
clerk, as representative of the department, and Prof. F. Lamson- 
Scribner, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, assistant representative. 
The following employees were detailed from the department as 
special agents to prepare, install, and take charge of the exiiibits of 
their respective bureaus and offices: The Weather Bureau, Mr. Frank 
Gillam; Bureau of Animal Industry, Mr. Joseph Abel; Bureau of 
Plant Industry, Prof. F. Lamson-Scribner and Mr. F. L. GoU; Forest 
Service, Mr. George B. Sudworth ; Bureau of Entomology, Mr. George 
I. Reeves; Office of Experiment Stations, Mr. J. I. Schulte; and Office 
of Pubhc Roads, Mr. M. O. Eldridge. Prof. Scribner had general 
supervision of the preparation and instaUation of aU exhibits, care 
and return of same to Washington, D. C, and in the absence of the 
representative was authorized to act in his place. Soon after the 
opening of the exposition Mr. Sudworth was succeeded by Mr. Don 
Carlos EUis, of the Forest Service, who served through the remaining 
period and gave daily lectures on forestry. In August Mr. Eldridge 
was succeeded for a brief period by Mr. A. P. Anderson, who was 



48 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 

followed by Mr. Benj. F. Heidel. These gentlemen gave daily illus- 
trated lectures on road construction during their respective periods 
of service. Mr. Schulte installed the exhibits of his office and remained 
on duty untU the 1st of July, when he was succeeded by Mr. William 
Noble, who continued to act as special agent until the close of the 
exposition. Mr. GoU, who rendered most excellent service in the 
work of installation, returned to Washington soon after the opening 
of the exposition. The entomologist, Mr. Reeves, returned to his 
station at Pullman, Wash., as soon as he completed the installation 
of his exhibits. 

The labor of unpacking and setting up the exhibits was begun 
about AprU 16, and before June 1, the opening day, the installation 
was completed and ready for the inspection of visitors. 

The Weather Bureau exhibit was located at the head of the west 
stairway from the front entrance. This exhibit is best described 
under four general groups, or sections, as follows: 

1. A collection of meteorological instruments and apparatus of the 
latest improved designs, some in actual operation as employed at the 
more important telegraphic reporting stations of the Weather Bureau ; 
a kite and kite outfit as used in aerial investigations ; a chart and 
instrument shelter, or kiosk, and a seismograph, or earthquake 
recorder. 

2. A collection of storm-warning flags and lanterns (with model 
tower) as used on the lakes and seacoasts for warning mariners of the 
approach of storms dangerous to shipping; also weather flags of the 
regular size, and the smaller flags displayed on the wagons of the- 
rural mail delivery. 

3. Complete sets of framed charts and publications of the bureau 
presenting clearly and graphically climatic conditions of the United 
States; miscellaneous photographs of clouds, lightning, etc., photo- 
micrographs of snow, frost, and ice crystals. 

4. A large glass weather map located in the center of the space on 
which was strikingly shown the daily weather conditions in all sec- 
tions of the country. 

The meteorological instruments and apparatus for measuring 
atmospheric pressure were displayed as follows: Nonrecording mer- 
curial barometers of the standard pattern, in cases of special design, 
together with two sample barometers having sections cut out of the 
cisterns to show details of construction; a mercurial barometer 
designed for use on shipboard; an aneroid barograph of the Richard 
pattern, such as is in actual use at more than 150 stations of the 
Weather Bureau. 

Under the head of instruments for indicating and recording the 
temperature of the air there were : (a) The telethermograph, or trans- 
mitting thermometer, which produces a continuous and automatic 
record of the temperature of the air at a distance, (b) The tele- 
thermoscope, or resistance thermometer, which indicates in office 
rooms the current air temperature in shelter on roof. These two 
instruments are especiaUy desirable where the outdoor instrument 
shelter must be located some distance from the observer's office, 
(c) A thermograph of the regular pattern furnished to Weather 
Bureau stations, which produces a continuous and automatic record 
of the temperature wherever placed, (d) A collection of sample 
thermometers of the several kinds employed in rneteorological work, 



ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 49 

viz, the mercurial exposed, for obtaining the current air temperature, 
dew-point, and humidity ; the mercurial maximum, for recording the 
highest, and the alcohol minimum, for recording the lowest air tem- 
perature. 

The standard instrument used bj' the bureau for determining the 
percentage of moisture in the air was shown and consists of a geared 
apparatus by means of which wet and dry bulb thermometers 
mounted thereon may be rapidly whirled to insure accurate readings. 
An apparatus of this character in more compact form, known as the 
sling psycteometer, and a hair hygrometer were also shown. 

Of instruments for measuring rain and snow fall were exhibited 
the automatic weighing rain and snow gauge, which was connected 
up on short circuit and the actual operation of the mechanism shown 
by dropping water artificially into the reservoir; an improved tipping 
bucket rain gauge was similarly exhibited, which recorded on the 
register each hundredth of an inch of precipitation as shown by 
water artificially dropped into the receiver; and the standard 8-inch 
(nonrecording) rain and snow gauge, a well-known pattern now in use 
at more than 3,000 stations in the United States. 

For measuring and recording the direction and velocity of the 
wind, standard types of apparatus were installed and connected 
electrically with a meteorograph in the exliibit, on the record sheet 
of wliich were automatically produced ink tracings and marks that 
recorded the direction of the wind for each minute of the day to 
eight points of the compass and the movement of the wind in miles. 
Models of the two different forms of apparatus for recording sunshine 
and cloudiness were shown. The thermometric sunsliine recorder, 
a form of differential thermometer with clear and blackened bulbs, 
makes a record of sunshine electrically each minute, by means of 
suitable wire connections, when connected with the meterograph 
mentioned above; the photograpliic sunshine recorder, an instru- 
ment wliich gives the time and duration of each day's sunshine and 
cloudiness as traced bj' a minute beam of the actual sunshine on the 
sensitized (blueprint) paper inclosed within the instrument. 

A river-stage register for giving a continuous and automatic regis- 
tration of river stages also formed part of the exhibit. 

A full-sized standard Weather Bureau kite of improved design, 
with a complete set of instruments attached thereto, was displayed, 
the kite being poised as in flight and connected by steel wire with a 
standard-pattern hand reel, which was actually used in making aerial 
investigations. 

Probably the most interesting of all the instruments exhibited 
was the seismograph, wliich gives an accurate record of the vibra- 
tions of the ground caused by earthquakes or other disturbances. 
Earthquake records from an instrument of this type at Washington, 
D. C, were shown. 

The large glass weather map was an exceedingly popular feature 
of the bureau's exhibit and the object of attention from continual 
crowds of visitors. At 9.30 each morning the barometer reading, 
current temperature, direction of the wind, and state of the weather 
at 8 a. m., seventy-fifth meridian time, and amount of rainfallin 
the past 24 hours, at nearly one hundred stations, were charted in 
different colors. For the preparation of this map daily reports were 
6S713°— S. Doc. 671, 61—3 i 



50 AXiASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 

received over the regular telegraphic circuits, and translated and 
tabulated at the downtown local office of the Weather Bureau, and 
furnished to the bureau's representative at the exposition for the 
purpose above indicated. A small souvenir weather map, illustrating 
a typical winter storm and its characteristics, of the date of January 
29, 1909, with a leaflet explanatory of the weather map, was provided 
for gratuitous distribution, with cards fuUy describing the storm and 
weather ilags and signals adopted bj' the Weather Bureau. 

The kiosk, or chart and instrument shelter, was given a prominent 
place in the exhibit. This structure is used for the exposure of 
meteorological instruments, charts, and bulletins in the parks or 
public places of a number of our largest cities, and the one exhibited 
at the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition remained in Seattle, and is 
now located on Fortson Place at the corner of Second Avenue and 
Yesler Way. 

A careful consideration of the number of visitors on the space on 
weU-attended days and lightly attended days and the preferences 
displayed for different parts of the exhibit indicated that the most 
popular features were the daUy demonstrations of the large glass 
weather map, the seismograph, the operations. of the station meteor- 
ograph or triple register, and they served verj^ materially in interest- 
ing a great number of people in the work of the Weather Bureau who 
heretofore had no conception of the magnitude or scope of its opera- 
tions. 

The Bureau of Plant Industry, which deals with plant life in all its 
phases, is more closely and directly connected with the chief industries 
of the farmer than any other branch of the Government service. 
Twenty-eight hundred square feet of floor space, centrally located in 
the area allotted to the department, was occupied by the exhibits of 
this bureau. Twenty-two double pavilion cases, 5 table cases, 2 
pyramid cases, 2 long counters, and 8 screens carrying 64 pictures 
were used in the installation. 

The following offices or lines of investigation were represented by 
the exhibits : Pomology, cereals, pure seeds, drug and poisonous plants, 
vegetable pathology, sugar beets, fiber plants, soil bacteriology and 
water purffication, seed and plant introduction, plant breeding, farm 
management, and dry-land farming. Lack of space permitted only 
very limited displays in most of these Unes, while other and no less 
interesting and important branches of work carried on by the bureau 
were necessarily omitted. 

The organization of the bureau and the lines of work which it 
embraces, the locations of the stations throughout the country where 
experiments and investigations are being carried on either independ- 
ently or in cooperation with the State stations, were suitably displayed 
uponframed charts. Work in one ormorelinesis now being conducted 
in every State and Territory in the Union by the scientific staff of the 
bureau. 

The pomological exhibit filled 10 double pavilion cases and at- 
tracted much attention from visitors. Models of standard varieties 
of commercial apples, together with many promising new kinds, num- 
bering in all 650 specimens filled the shelves of 6 glass fronts; 1 
case was devoted to peach varieties, includmg the Persian, the Chinese 
chng, the peento, the honey, and the Spanish groups, 258 models in 
all; 1 case contained a variety of fruits, such as oranges, lemons. 



ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 51 

pomelos, lequats, limes, mangoes, citrons, gooseberries, dewberries, 
papaws, persimmons, etc. Many of the varieties were represented 
bj' several models to illustrate the modifications of the fruit resulting 
from different conditions of soU, climate, etc. All were carefuUy 
labeled and small maps in each case indicated by suitable colorings 
the general regions within which each species or variety is or can be 
grown. These fruit models were made with the object of preserving 
an authentic collection of fruit varieties for use in illustrating publi- 
cations, assisting in the correcting of nomenclature, and other phases 
of the work. Five cases contained material illustrating the effects of 
orchard conditions and fruit storage. The importance of promptly 
storing after picldng was strikingly demonstrated by this exhibit. 
The cause of the decay of oranges while in transit from California to 
points of shipment in the Eastern States has been made the subject 
of careful study by the pomologists of the bureau. The losses from 
this source have been estimated to amount to from $500,000 to 
$1,500,000 annually, due almost wholly to improper methods of 
handling the fruit in the groves and packing houses, causing it to be 
bruised and thereby made susceptible to rot. The exhibits illustrat- 
ing this subject fUled one double pavilion case. 

Giving to the great importance of the grain industry to the Western 
and Pacific Coast States the exhibits of the cerealist of the bureau was 
given special prominence. The material was displayed in about 200 
shallow trays with glass fronts and over 80 inverted specimen jars, 
altogether filling 4 double pavilion cases, 2 pyramid cases, and 2 
small table cases. This collection of cereals was most carefully se- 
lected and prepared and very attractively displayed. It included 
all varieties of wheat, oats, barley, rye, grain sorghums, miUets, and 
rice which have been introduced and distributed by the department 
during recent years, as well as those varieties adapted to special pur- 
poses which have been developed by careful breeding or selection. 
An exhibit of 18 varieties of rice, in the head, unhuUed and 
hulled samples, drew attention to the investigations being carried on 
in Louisiana for determining the yielding power and other qualities 
of foreign varieties gro^vn under conditions existing here. The label- 
ing of the grain exhibit was very complete, affording information as 
to the origin of the varieties, their special points of value, and the 
regions for which they were best adapted. The study of diseases of 
cereals is conducted in the office of grain investigations. Specimens 
illustrating the effects of the various forms of rust, smut, scab, blight, 
and other diseases which attack our cereal crops filled 1 double 
pavihon case. 

The office of Pure-Seed Investigations exhibited the appUances used 
in the seed-testing laboratory, including all the apparatus for making 
germination and purity tests. Around the space occupied by this 
exhibit was a frieze supporting a series of large pictures illustrating 
scenes in the laboratories in the department in Washiagton and other 
subjects connected with the work. Upon a long table 20 samples of 
clover, alfalfa, and grass seeds were sho^vn illustrating different grades 
commonly found in the markets. 

The office of Drug and Poisonous Plant Investigations made an 
exhibit which nearly filled two double pavihon cases. One case con- 
tained an interesting series of commercial samples of tea grown near 
Charleston, S. C. The successful production of tea in this country 



52 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 

has been fully demonstrated, over 10,000 pounds, which found a ready 
market, having been produced in a single season. In the other case 
were 31 samples of native crude drugs, nearly all from wild plants or 
weeds such as burdock root, wild cherry bark, and Indian turnip root. 
The names, distribution, and uses of the plants were given on the 
labels. Camphor trees are being planted extensively in Florida, and 
it has been shown that the product obtained from American-grown 
rrees is identical with camphor imported from the Orient. The 
exhibit contained samples of camphor leaves and prunings, the dis- 
tillate from these and camphor oil as produced in the laboratory of 
the bureau. 

In addition to the diseases of cereals already referred to, plant 
pathology was further illustrated by colored drawings, bromide 
enlargements, and specimens. The colored drawings illustrated such 
diseases as black rot and mildew of grapes, bitter rot and other dis- 
eases of apples, brown rot of cherries, potato rot, pear blight, etc. 
The bromide pictures illustrated spraying machines, spraying orchards, 
and the product from sprayed and unsprayed trees, showing by con- 
trast the value of spraying in the prevention of disease. 

In cooperation ^vith the Forest Service the bureau is carrying on 
investigations of timber diseases. One large double pavilion case 
contained a varied collection of some 50 samples, illustrating many 
kinds of injury and decay of trees and lumber brought about by the 
attacks of fungi. The action or effects of the fungi in causing dis- 
coloration or decay were shown by the specimens; also the fruiting 
stage of many of the species. 

The sugar-beet industry in one or more of its phases has been given 
much attention by the department through the Bureau of Plant 
Industry. Improvement in cultural methods, the production of 
alkali and drought resistant strains, production of single-germ beet 
seeds, selection of beets for early maturity and increased tonnage 
and quality, adaptation of various uses of sugar-beet products are 
the principal lines upon which the bureau has been working to pro- 
mote the industry. The exhibit filled one large double pavilion case. 
Here were shown the various stages in the development of the sugar 
beet from the seed to the mature plant and the various products and 
by-products in manufacturing sugar. There were 48 samples of sugar 
from different factories throughout the country, about 40 samples of 
soils from sugar-beet lands; and 50 jellies and preserves prepared with 
beet sugar. A number of small jars contained American and foreign 
beet seeds and single-germ seeds. 

The fiber display filled two double pavilion cases and two small 
table cases. It included both hard and soft fibers and brushes. 
The hard fibers, which are all obtained from freshly cut leaves of the 
agaves and similar plants, have tluck fibrous leaves or leaf stalks. 
The specimens shown included abaca, or manila hemp, from the 
Pliilippines ; sisal from the henequen plant of Yucatan and from the 
sisal plant cultivated in Hawaii; phromium, or New Zealand hemp, 
from the phromium plant of New Zealand ; Mauritius fiber, from the 
aloes vert, cultivated in Mauritius ; manila maguey, from the leaves of 
the maguey plant cultivated in the Philippines; and ixtle, from 
lechuguilla and palm samandoca plants found in Mexico. The ex- 
liibit of ramie included the rough stalks and all stages in the manu- 
facture from the crude fiber to the finished products of knit and 



ALASKA-YUKON-PACinC EXPOSITION. 53 

woven goods. The brush fibers included ixtle and broom root from 
Mexico, palmyra from Ceylon, bass from South America, palmetto 
from Florida, and palm from southern California. A great variety 
of brushes made from these fibers formed a part of the exhibit. 

One large double pavilion case contained the exhibit of the labora- 
tory of soil bacteriology and water purification investigations. Here 
were shown specimens preserved in liquid of the various forms of 
root nodules produced by beneficial bacteria and, for comparison, 
specimens of root knots caused by harmful nematode worms ; photo- 
graphic views illustrating the effect of soil inoculation with nitrogen- 
fixing bacteria upon the growth of leguminous plants and upon the 
crop production; material illustrating the present method of dis- 
tributing inoculating material and recent bulletins relating to the 
subject; culture specimens of soil bacteria in tubes and petri dishes; 
photographs and transparencies of nitrifying soil organisms as seen 
under high-power microscopes; the commoner alg£e, diatoms, and 
other organisms which pollute farm water supplies, causing bad tastes 
and odors; charts showing the danger of impure water supplies; and 
photographs and charts illustrating the importance of proper water 
sources. Apparatus used in the study of these minute organisms, 
bacteria, etc., was also shown. 

The office of corn investigations was represented by an e.xhibit 
displayed in a large double pavilion case. This exhibit included 
photographs and samples illustrating improved methods of handling 
corn, results of inbreeding and cross fertilization and of selection and 
breeding for increasing the yield, greater uniformity of growth or 
other special purposes. There were also a series of specimens illus- 
trating the types of corn peculiar to the several corn-growing sections 
of the United States. 

Working plans of three model farms illustrative of three types of 
farming adapted to Pacific coast conditions were contributed by the 
office of farm management. The ideas brought out in these plans 
were the division of the farms into fields for cropping, kinds of crops 
to plant and their proper rotation, location of farm roads, fences, and 
buildings. 

Twenty large framed photographs illustrating crop production in 
the arid regions of the Southwest ivithout irrigation or under dry- 
farming methods directed attention to a very practical line of work 
the bureau is conducting for the advancement of agriculture and 
increasing the area of crop production. 

Among the smaller exhibits from the Bureau of Plant Industry, 
but one of much interest, was a collection of a number of varieties of 
dates from the oHice of plant^life history. These dates were the 
product of trees introduced into this country by the department and 
now growing successfully at Tempe, Ariz., and Mecca, Cal. Some 
of the varieties now yielding fruit are of superior excellence. 

The exhibits from the Bureau of Animal Industry occupied over 
2,600 square feet of floor space, and consisted of material designed to 
show the scope and character of the work of that bureau in assisting 
the farmer and stock raiser and in guarding the public health through 
model dairy equipments and meat-inspection work. Carcasses and 
parts of animals that had been condemned on post-mortem inspection 
in the city of Seattle slaughterhouses were exhibited in a refrigerator, 
fresh specimens being brought in from time to time. These exhibits 



54 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 

emphasized the great necessity of well-conducted and rigid inspection 
wherever slaughtering cattle for food is carried on. 

In addition to this exhibit of fresh diseased meat, there were dis- 
played several dozen specimens of beautifully preserved tissues 
affected with tuberculosis and about 50 specimens of animal organs 
affected with other diseases. There were suitably displayed a great 
many large photographs taken in some of the larger packing estab- 
lishments in Chicago, showing methods of slaughtering animals and 
handling meat and the processes of inspection as applied to meat- 
producing animals and meat and other food products; also life-sized 
models of carcasses of beef, showing the "U. S. Insptd and P'S'D.," 
indicating that they had come under Government inspection and 
had been found to be free from disease. 

Dairymen visiting the exposition were much interested in the 
model of a dairy barn. This barn was built on a scale of IJ inches 
to the foot, the timbers and covering all complete, together with 
properly constructed ventilators, cement floors, metal stanchions, 
etc. There was also displayed a full-sized model milk house capable 
of caring for the mUk of 20 cows, equipped with milk cooler, sterilizer, 
bottle filler, Babcock tester, concrete wash sinkj steam turbine bottle 
cleaner, boiler, brushes, cans, etc. These emphasized the importance 
of employing methods for securing absolute cleanliness in the care 
of dairy cows and in the handling of milk. 

Life-sized models of sheep illustrating the effects of the disease 
known as scabies, or mange, were shown, together with greatly enlarged 
models of the scab mite. Specimens of this mite and the lice that 
infest cattle and sheep were shown under the microscope to those 
interested. There was displayed a model of a plant for dipping sheep 
diseased with the scab, and a similar model of a dippiag plant for cattle 
was also shown. The inspection of southern cattle for Texas fever 
was illustrated by a calf's skin covered with the fever tick, and by 
photographs showing the spraying of cattle in sections quarantined 
or provisionally quarantined on account of Texas or southern cattle 
fever. 

The supervision of the transportation of live stock and inspection 
of vessels was illustrated by a model of a section of a steamer, showing 
the loadiag of cattle for export and the fittings of such vessels. 

All animals imported into the United States are carefully inspected 
and quarantined to prevent the introduction of contagious diseases 
into this country. Copies of the permits for such importations and 
other blanks connected with the inspection work were shown, together 
with the tags which are placed on animals for interstate shipment. 

A very complete exhibit of horseshoes for all kinds and conditions 
of hoofs, diseases of the hoof, abnormal conditions resulting from 
improper shoeing and how to correct these conditions by proper 
shoeing were all shown and also a set of farrier's tools. Anatomical 
specimens of the front and hind legs of the horse were exhibited to 
show various pathological conditions of the joints, tendons, and bones, 
such as spavin, splint, ringbone, and other exostoses. A model of a 
blackleg vaccinating and dehorning chute was shown together with 
the outfit necessary for injecting the vaccine. A large series of col- 
ored transparencies showing diseased animal organs, experiments in 
animal breeding, and thoroughbred horses, cattle, and sheep made an 
attractive and instructive feature of the exhibit. . Sixty transparent 



AIASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 55 

photographs showed the tissues and organs affected with diflferent 
diseases, magnifications of shde preparations of pathogenic micro- 
organisms, and enlarged views of animal parasites. 

The Forest Service was assigned space on the lower level in the 
main Government buUding immediately beneath the area occupied 
by the other bureaus of the Department of Agriculture and adjoin- 
ing that of the Treasury Department. The floor area was about 60 
by 90 feet, the principal exliibits, transparencies, and bromides occu- 
pying the wall space on the longer sides. There were S3 transparen- 
cies varying ia size from about 11 by 13 inches to 44 by 7S inches. 
The most striking and attractive of these were four large colored 
transparencies. These were pictures of a virgin stand of Douglas fir, 
in Washington, a monster big tree, sequoia WasJiingtonia, estimated 
height nearly 400 feet, diameter 25 feet 9 inches; a remnant of virgin 
white pine forest, Michigan; and a typical western yellow pine forest 
in the Southwest. The other transparencies, which were uncolored, 
illustrated the different methods of lumbering; forest conditions in 
various sections of the country; the work done on the national forests; 
and the effects of forest fires. Many of the details of the lumbering 
industrjT, both inside and outside of the national forests, were shown. 

The colored bromide enlargements showed many activities of forest 
officers on the national forest, the building of trails, bridges, wagon 
roads, and fences, and the stringing of telephone wires, forest nursery 
work, forest rangers at work setting out the trees on deforested slopes, 
forest rangers' camps, forest rangers and supervisors on tours of patrol 
or inspection, the work of hunters on the national forests, and the 
depredations committed on live stock by coyotes, bears, and other 
predatory animals which these hunters seek to kill. There were 98 
of these colored bromides, varying in size from 19 by 30 inches to 41 
by 63 inches. 

The exhibits brought into prominence the work of the branch of 
products which has to do with the utilization of wood and the devel- 
opment and promulgation of methods of utiUzing wood waste in the 
manufacture of by-products. This branch has been conducting 
exhaustive paper pulp investigations for the purpose of finding com- 
mercially practicable substitutes for red spruce in paper making. 
The result of these investigations was exhibited on three of six col- 
umns which occupied the floor space. One series of pictures showed 
the different steps in the manufacture of paper from wood, and 
another series of views of the work being done in the paper pulp inves- 
tigations in the Forest Service laboratory. A chart gave the kind 
and location of the paper mills in the United States. Another impor- 
tant step in wood conservation which received considerable em.phasis 
is the growing practice of treating with creosote or other antiseptic 
timbers which are used in contact with the soil, such as telegraph and 
telephone poles, fence posts, mine props, and railroad ties. An 
exhibit in this connection attracting much attention was a display of 
treated and untreated mine timbers which had been in use for vary- 
ing lengths of time. Statistical charts were used to show the quan- 
tity, quahty, and value of different forest products made and used in 
the United States in the year 1907, the material used and quantity 
of veneer produced, the quantity and value of slack cooperage stock 
made, the quantity of wood used for pulp, the tanbark and tanning 
extracts consumed, the poles purchased by telegraph, telephone, and 



56 AiASKA-YUKOiSr-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 

electric companies, and the crossties purchased by steam and elec- 
tric railroads in 1907, and a comparison of the relative lumber pro- 
duction in 10 States in 1880 and in 1907. 

The manner of growth of Douglas fir and redwood was graphically 
presented by 22 cross sections of young Douglas fir and 13 cross sec- 
tions of a young redwood. 

One section of the exhibit, a face of one of the columns measuring 
55 by 120 inches, was devoted to forest study in schools. This con- 
tained suggested courses of study for classes in nature study and 
physical and commercial geography, pictures of classes at work and 
some results obtained, and samples of work wliich schools bad con- 
tributed. 

Most conspicuous of the maps exhibited were three large maps of 
the natural resources. One of these, a map of the United States, 
measuring 12 by 17 feet, showed the location of the national forests, 
the forest regions, the United States reclamation projects, the prin- 
cipal water divides, and an outline of the proposed system of inland 
waterways. 

The main purpose of tlie exhibit of the Bureau of Entomology was 
to illustrate the purely economic phases of insect life and serve as a 
means of imparting information about the more injurious species, 
how they look, how they affect various crops, and how the damage 
they cause may be limited or prevented. The exhibit occupied 330 
square feet of floor space adjoining that of the Office of Experiment 
Stations and the Bureau of Plant Industry. Two large cases were 
filled with boxes of mounted insects, including the more common 
species injurious to garden crops, grasses, and grains, the vineyard 
and orchard pests, forest insects, those infesting domestic animals, 
household insects, and those which spread disease. 

A portion of the exhibit which was of special interest to visitors 
was that devoted to models of injurious insects and their work. These 
models represented, in greatly enlarged size, certain particularly 
destructive species, together with portions of the plants they attack, 
showing the character of the injury committed. As many of the 
important insects are extremely minute, these large models were of 
great assistance in attracting the attention of visitors and in conveying 
at a glance a good idea of the character of the insects reproduced. 
Besides the insects directly injurious to crops, another group has of 
late years been recognized as fully as dangerous to the welfare of man. 
These are the insects which act as carriers of disease to man and ani- 
mals. The great importance of moscjuitoes in relation to malaria 
and yellow fever and of flies to typhoid has been fully demonstrated. 
A special exhibit of these insects was made, drawing popular atten- 
tion to this important phase of the entomological work of the depart- 
ment. This exhibit included models of the mosquito which spreads 
yellow fever, and of the species which transmits human malaria, 
together with a series of models illustrating the life history of the 
malaria-producing parasite. 

The exhibits of the Office of Experiment Stations illustrated in a 
general way the more important lines of work carried on by the 
department through its agency. A model of an irrigated farm was 
the central feature of the exhibit, around which were grouped the 
cases and chart frames containing material illustrating the work of 
the Alaskan and Hawaiian experiment stations and of the office in 



AliASKA-yUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 57 

agricultural education, human nutrition, and farmer's institutes. 
The floor space occupied nearly 1,100 square feet. 

The irrigated farm model showed the difi'erent methods or systems 
of irrigation as applied to fruit orchards, alfalfa, and sugar beets. 
The portion of the model showing orchard irrigation illustrated both 
the fvuTow and the basin methods. Under the furrow system both 
open and box furrows, and under the basin system the zigzag as well 
as the straight basin method of orchard irrigation, were shown. Modi- 
fication of the furrow system admitting the application of water on 
all sides of the trees were also indicated. In alfalfa culture the model 
illustrated the use of the border, rectangular, and contour checks in 
connection with flooding. The construction, installation, and use of 
various types of water gates were shown in this connection. The 
application of water to sugar-beet fields, as illustrated, included the 
open and the boxed furrow systems and the method of subirrigation 
in which the water is allowed to sink into the soil from ditches built 
across the field at certain intervals. The model also indicated the 
proper location of such structures as head gates, water-measuring 
devices, dams, etc., and demonstrated their operation. Water regis- 
ters, current meters, and modelsof weirs and of implements used in irri- 
gation on irrigated farms formed a part of the irrigation exhibit, and 
were displayed in a small double pavilion case near the model above 
described. The material from the Hawaiian Experiment Station 
filled one large double pavilion case and one-half of another. It 
consisted mainly of samples of tropical and subtropical crops and 
their products with which the station is working. Among the more 
important of these were rice, cotton, rubber, citrus fruits, bananas, 
coffee, cacao, and mangoes. Grass and leguminous plants used 
largely in feeding and in soil improvement were shown, together with 
samples of Chinese and Japanese matting rushes recently introduced 
into the islands. The collection of limus or edible seaweeds, so 
highly prized for food by the native Hawaiians, included 40 or more 
named species; and the rice samples represented about 70 varieties 
that are now being tested at the station in Honolulu. 

Two large double pavilion cases contained the material from the 
Alaskan stations, consisting of many species of valuable native 
grasses, a number of photographs and sheaf samples of those grains 
which the stations are testing and which have been found successful 
or promising. The grasses included species of Agropyron, Festuca, 
Poa, Calamagrostis Bromus, etc. The samples of Alaskan "blue 
top" and those of Agropyron and Bromus were from four to five feet 
in height. The exhibit of cereals comprised several varieties each of 
wheat, oats, barley, and rye. The history, location, and lines of work 
of the stations were well illustrated by the collection of enlarged 
photographs. 

Investigations in human nutrition carried on by the office were 
represented bj^ an exhibit installed in one large pavilion case, and 
included a model of a respiration calorimeter, an apparatus for deter- 
mining the use the body makes of the food which it consumes, and 
difi'erent illustrations showing the composition of our more common 
food materials. 

The farmers' institute branch of the office was illustrated by charts 
showing by States the number of institutes, the proportion of the agri- 
cultural population in attendance, etc. The exhibit as a whole 



58 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 

directed attention to the information gathered by the office, and vis- 
itors interested in irrigation, nutrition, agricultural education or in 
the organization and work of the office were supplied with bulletin 
and other literature covering these subjects. 

The exhibit of the office of Public Koads was located along the main 
aisle on the east side of the space allotted to the department and cov- 
ered 1,486 square feet. It was designed especially to appeal to the 
farmer and the road official, but proved none the less interesting to 
the general public. The exhibit consisted of a number of models 
buUt on a scale of one and one-half inches to the foot, and illustrating 
the construction of 15 standard tj^pes of roads in use in various 
parts of the United States. One of the more important features of 
the exhibit was that which showed the use of asphaltic oil and tar as 
dust pallatives and preventives and for the preservation of macadam 
roads subject to fast automobile traffic. 

A miaiature crushing plant and steam roller in actual operation as 
well as a complete outfit of earth handling machinery was also shown. 
A model of Eock Creek Park, Washington, D. C, illustrated the rela- 
tion of roads and bridges to streams and rugged topography. 

The crushing plant with quarry face in the background showed a 
crusher, elevator, and screens and bins for three sizes of stone. The 
crusher was operated by a small motor inclosed in miniature engine 
house. 

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR. 

At the request of the United States Government board of managers, 
appointed by the President in accordance with the act of Congress 
approved May 27, 190S, the Secretary of Commerce and Labor on 
August 4, 1908, designated Mr. Frank H. Bowen, then chief clerk of 
the department, as the representative of the department, to cooperate 
with the board in the preparation and maintenance of the exhibits. 
An allotment of $26,000 was made by the Government board to the 
Dei^artment of Commerce and Labor, and this amount was tenta- 
tively apportioned to the three exhibits especially authorized by the 
act, as follows: Bureau of Fisheries, $20,000; Lighthouse Estab- 
lishment, $3,000; Coast and Geodetic Survey, $2,000; reserved for 
emergencies or adjustment, $1,000. By rigid economy the exhibits 
were kept within these amounts, with the exception of the lighthouse 
exhibit, which more detailed calculations showed would amount to 
about $4,000. 

The representative was present at the exposition during the three 
weeks preceding and two weeks succeeding the opening date, in gen- 
eral direction of the installation of the exhibits, the making of arrange- 
ments and the handling of accounts, then returning to Washington 
and leaving Mr. Leighton G. Harron of the fisheries exhibit in 
charge of the three exhibits as chief special agent for the Department 
of Commerce and Labor, assisted by Mrs. James J. Glennan as book- 
keeper and clerk. 

On September 1, 1909, Mr. Theodore L. Weed, chief clerk of the 
department, was designated as representative, and visited the expo- 
sition, but on his return to Washington relinquished the position and 
Mr. Bowen was redesignated as representative. 

The exhibit of the Coast and Geodetic Survey was allotted space 
along the south or front wall of the main Government building on the 



I 



ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 59 

lower level immediately to the right (east) of the main entrance, while 
the lighthouse exhibit occupied a similar position along the southeast 
wall of the main Government building, to the east of the Coast and 
Geodetic Survey exhibit, from which it was separated by the aisle 
leading to the exhibit of the Bureau of the American Republics. The 
fisheries exhibit occupied a separate building at the rear (north) of 
the main Government building, to which it was connected by a broad 
inclosed passage from the upper level of the main building. 

At the conclusion of the exposition the several exhibits were 
returned to the places from whence they were gathered, without loss 
or any serious damage. The greater bulk of the exhibits of this 
department were shipped from Washington, D. C, and from Tomp- 
kinsville, N. Y., and were returned to these points in excellent con- 
dition considering the long journey. 

The representative desires to express his hearty appreciation of 
the unfailing courtesy, prompt action, and very generous assistance 
of the members of the Government board, as well as the employees 
of the board, especial recognition being due to Mr. C. E. Thatcher for 
his very able and quick handling of the movements of the fisheries 
car No. 6, and the many movements of freight and express. After 
a year and a half of association there remains the impression of a 
valued personal friendship with the board and its employees, rather 
than official relations. 

A brief statement in regard to each of the exhibits of this depart- 
ment follows: 

Under the authority already mentioned, an aquarium building 
was provided for the fisheries exhibit, and Mr. Irving H. Dunlap, 
chief clerk of the Bureau of Fisheries, a veteran in this line of work, 
was selected as chief agent to prepare and take charge of the exhibit. 
The act providing for "paying especial attention to the fish and fisher- 
ies of the Pacific Ocean," it became necessary to make investigations 
and arrange for supplies of live fish from the Pacific coast, tliis being 
entirely new matter, as there is no large public aquarium on the 
Pacific coast and the fisheries exhibit at the Portland exposition, in 
1905, having been entirely of fresh-water fishes. It therefore became 
necessary for Mr. Dunlap to make a preliminary visit to the coast, 
which he made in company with the members of the Government 
board until his investigations took him to the South from Seattle. 
To the excellent work done by Mr. Dunlap during this trip is due in 
large measure the successful overcoming of the peculiar obstacles in 
the way of an exhibit of salt-water fish on the Pacific coast. 

The remainder of the exposition staff, all of whom had had experi- 
ence at previous expositions, were Mr. Leighton G. Harron, special 
agent and superintendent of aquarium; Mr. George A. Schneider, 
superintendent of construction and installation; Mr. William P. 
SauerhofE, fish-culturist, Mr. James J. Glennan, in charge of machia- 
ery; and Mr. William E. Morgan, in charge of the fixed exhibit. 
Other employees were detailed from time to time to assist in the prep- 
aration, installation, and care of the exhibit and aquarium, and several 
machinists were employed in the installation of the machinery and 
piping, and in the operation of the machinery during the exposition. 

Hearty cooperation and active assistance was received from Presi- 
dent Chilberg, the various committees of the exposition company 
and its officers, as well as Supt. Weymouth and officials of the 



60 ALASKA-YUKON-PACiriC EXPOSITION. 

Northern Pacific Railway. The aid of these gentlemen and others 
simplified the task of installing and maintaining the aquarium, the 
moving of cars and collecting fishes, and helped in many ways the 
success of the exhibit. The connection of the Bureau with the Alaska- 
Yukon-Pacific Exposition was in every way satisfactory and pleasant. 

Preparations were actively begun October S, 1908, and shipment 
of material began February 25, 1909. On the opening day everything 
was in place and the aquarium in operation. 

The Fisheries building was located on the north side of the main 
Government building, with which it was connected by a passageway. 
The structure was 111 feet long by 76 feet wide, and contained 8,436 
square feet of floor space, of which 3,396 square feet were occupied 
by the aquaria and entrances, thus leaving 5,040 square feet for the 
fixed exhibit, which area was reduced by the aisles and a pool in the 
center. 

The aquaria consisted of 30 tanks set around the sides of the build- 
ing and facing on the main exhibition space. They were constructed 
after the most approved plans and were of the standard sizes adopted 
by the Bureau for the display of the different varieties and sizes 
of fishes. Two were 12 feet long by 7 feet wide and 6 feet deep; 
20 were 7 feet long, 6 feet wide, and 3+ feet deep; 4 were 5 feet 
long, 6 feet ^vide, and 3i feet deep, and 4 were 2 feet 6 inches 
long, 2 feet 5 inches wide, and U feet deep. Fifteen of them were 
arranged for salt water, and 15 could be used for refrigerated 
fresh water at a natural temperature, as was needed for different 
species. In addition there was a pool, 15 feet in diameter, intended 
for seals and large specimens, and four balanced aquaria. The aqua- 
rium was provided with all modern appliances for refrigerating, 
aerating, and filtering the water, and beneath the building in a light, 
well-arranged, and well-furnished machinery room, occupying 1,640 
square feet, were the circulating pumps, air pumps, refrigerating 
apparatus, and electric motors for operating the machinery. The 
closed circulation system was used for the salt water and for the refrig- 
erated fresh water, and beneath the main floor were installed six 
storage reservoirs with a capacity of 7,500 gallons each. Here the 
filters were also placed. The reservoirs were cooperage tanks set and 
connected in lines of three each and fitted with covers to protect the 
water from dirt sifting through the fioor above. This form of tank 
when well built is much more desirable and less liable to leak than 
others and should always be insisted on. 

Over the passageway between the two buildings were a commodi- 
ous ofl[ice and store closets. 

The building and appliances were designed by the Supervising 
Architect of the Treasury and were constructed under his direction, 
except the machinery and the piping for the water and air circulating 
systems, which were installed by the bureau. Much of the machinery 
and glass for the aquarium was already on hand, and what was pur- 
chased in addition was paid for from the appropriation for buildings. 
The bureau prepared the plans for the aquarium tanks and submitted 
to the Supervising Architect its requirements in the way of machinery, 
power, light, and the quantity, storage, and circulation of water. The 
building was well designed and constructed, and eminently satisfac- 
tory, with ample space for working, and having good storeroom, 
closets, lockers, and other desirable adjuncts. The plan of having 



I 



ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 61 

aquaria immediately surround the main exhibition space instead of 
being installed in a grotto has now been tested at three expositions 
and foimd desirable from the points of view of adding to the general 
decorative effect of the room, saving of valuable space, and affording 
an equally good, if not better, view of the fishes exhibited. Possibly 
the only criticism that could be made is that the side windows were 
placed so high that the light was thrown over the screen surrounding 
the aquaria rather than through them. This defect can easily be 
remedied in future. It may be added that proper light for an aqua- 
rium combined with an exhibit is a difficult problem, which should be 
carefully considered for expositions in connection with the season of 
the year during which the display is to be made, the geographical loca- 
tion and the position of the building as regards points of the compass. 

It is recommended that the general plan of the Seattle building be 
adhered to in future. 

It may be mentioned that in order to avoid annoying vibration in 
a building with as little rigidity as an ordinary exposition structure, 
supply pipes from pumps should be laid along the ground or under it, 
and not attached to the floor of the exhibit space. 

Fresh water and electricity for power and lights were furnished free 
of charge by the exposition company, and the service was excellent. 

Fresh water was supplied from Lake Washington through the pump- 
ing plant of tlie exposition for the refrigerating apparatus and the 
hydraulic motors, and from Cedar River through the mains of the 
city water works for the aquaria and hatching troughs and tables. 
Cedar River, judging from the fish life it naturally contains and from 
other reasons, is an unusually good source of supply. All species 
did well in the water except salmonidse, which for some reason did not 
thrive. Eggs of salmonidse hatched with a very satisfactory per- 
centage, but the fry therefrom did not survive as they should. Possi- 
bly the trouble was owing to the fact that the new wooden piping, 
hurriedly installed before the opening and during the exposition, was 
coated on the inside with a preservative preparation of creosote, the 
deleterious effects of which would have disappeared in time. The 
period of the exposition was too limited to permit of exhaustive experi- 
ments to determine the cause of the mortality among the fish held in 
confinement. 

Salt water of the proper quality and density was obtained without 
difficulty with the assistance of officials of the Northern Pacific Rail- 
way from the pumping plant of the elevator of that corporation in 
West Seattle. The railroad company courteously furnished suitable 
cars at no cost and performed the switching or transfer service at very 
reasonable rates. The cars were delivered at a siding in the grounds 
about 1,500 feet from the fisheries building, whence the water was 
pumped through hose by fire engines assigned to the exposition, 
directly into the reservoirs in the building. 

The display of live fishes was made the principal feature of the 
exhibit, and it was designed to show as far as conditions would permit 
(1) the fishes propagated and distributed by the bureau, (2) other 
important fishes and water animals of the coast and interior which it 
was possible to obtain and transport, and (3) ornamental and curious 
specimens. 

The number varied from time to time and the species were con- 
stantly changed by the acquisition of fresh stock. A car load of fresh 



62 ALASKA-TUKOIT-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 

water fishes was taken out from the East and Middle West and others 
were obtained as needed from local waters. The som^ce of supply 
for marine species was chiefly Puget Sound and southern California, 
one car load having been brought from Monterey and San Francisco 
Bay, and two from Los Angeles and Catalina. This transportation 
of fishes was accomplished by car No. 6 of the Bureau of Fisheries, 
which was specially sent from the Eastern States, with full crew and 
complete equipment, by the Commissioner of Fisheries, at an expense 
to the bureau, the expense of returning the car to the East being also 
borne by the bvireau. By this arrangement the exposition appropria- 
tion bore only the actual expense of the trips made exclusively for the 
collection and transportation of exhibit material, and in addition 
brought the load of fishes from eastern points without any expense to 
the exposition fund. 

The varieties of fishes from Puget Sound were limited and as they 
are to a great extent bottom fish, do not show well in aquaria. An 
exception were viviparous perch, of which an attractive display was 
made. The collection of economic and interesting Crustacea from 
both Puget Sound and southern waters was exceptionally good. 

Two aquarium tanks were stocked with beautiful Hawaiian fishes 
which were placed at the disposal of the bureau through the courtesy 
of the Plawaiian commission. With their striking colors and curious 
shapes these fish were an unfailing source of interest to visitors. The 
water temperature was raised to the necessary degree for these tropi- 
cal specimens by passing it through an ordinary bathroom gas heater 
for each tank. This acted well, but the copper coil did not withstand 
the action of salt water and several renewals of the heater were 
necessary. . 

A large harbor seal and, during the last few weeks, a pair of young 
seals were kept in the center pool. 

During the exposition 1,795 individuals, representing 43 species of 
fresh-water fishes, and 1,874 specimens of marine fishes and animals 
of 111 species were shown, besides 114 specimens comprising the 
Hawaiian collection and representing 27 species; a total of 3,783 
individuals of 181 species. 

At the close of the exposition the marine fishes were liberated in 
Puget Sound, except a few specimens which were given to the Uni- 
versity of Washington for scientific purposes. The ornamental fishes 
were given to the different schools of the city of Seattle. The trout 
and salmonidsB and other food fishes were supplied to applicants in 
the State of Washington for stocking private and public waters. The 
three seals were turned over to the board of park commissioners of 
Seattle. 

The operations of the Bureau of Fisheries are conducted under 
three main divisions — the propagation and distribution of food fishes, 
the scientific investigation of the seas, rivers, and lakes of the United 
States with reference to biological problems relating to fish life and 
the fisheries, and the study of the economic fisheries and the collection 
of statistics thereof. 

The space available prevented a complete or comprehensive illus- 
tration of the functions of the bureau, and it was only possible to 
display a limited number of objects which would show some of the 
more salient or interesting phases of the work. On account of these 
conditions there was no attempt to systematically group the material 



ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 63 

by classes as indicated above, but to show it so that each piece should 
stand for itself. 

Under the head of fish culture were arranged models and full-sized 
examples of apparatus and appliances used in collecting eggs and in 
hatching and distributing fresh-water and marine fishes . Throughout 
the exposition period there were demonstrations of practical fish 
propagation in which over half a million eggs were hatched. Troughs 
were provided for hatching eggs of the salmon of the Pacific coast, the 
trouts, grayling, and other species having heavy eggs ; tables equipped 
with various types of jars were employed in shad, pike perch, and 
whitefish culture; and automatic tidal boxes were installed for the 
incubation of the floating eggs of the cod and other marine species. 

The working model of the Call fishway, as improved by Mr. Hector 
von Bayer, engineer and architect of the bureau, showed the con- 
struction of the best ladder for enabling fish to surmount obstacles 
in streams. Models were shoA^Ti of a type of railway cars used by the 
bureau in transporting live fishes, and of the seagoing steamers 
Albatross and Fish Hawk, the former of which is used for deep-sea 
investigations and the latter for biological work and a floating shad 
hatchery as well. The equipment used in biological iavestigations 
and researches was shown by types of collecting apparatus, iucluding 
tangles, dredges, and townets of various sizes and forms, together with 
seines, nets, and other appliances for shore collecting, tanks for the 
preservation and transportation of specimens, and a chest recently 
adopted for field use, containing these various appliances in miniature 
form for use from small boats. Adjoining the model of the Albatross 
was a Tanner deep-sea sounding machine with its equipment of 
instruments for hydrographic work. 

The oyster is by far the most important single product of our fish- 
eries, and three exhibition cases were devoted to an illustration of its 
anatomy, growth, local and accidental variations, enemies, and other 
facts in its life history. There was also an exhibit prepared by the 
Rhode Island Commission of Inland Fisheries, as a result of inquiries 
conducted by that commission in collaboration with the United 
States Bureau of Fisheries, showing the growth of the soft clam and 
scallop, and bringing out important facts in their life history. 

The sponge fishery, which is confined in the United States to the 
State of Florida, has within the past few years been the subject of 
scientific inquiry and experiment. The natiu-al beds are being 
depleted; and some of the residts of the various experiments of the 
bureau in artificial sponge culture were exliibited, together with a 
fine collection of Florida sponges and models showing the method of 
procuring and preparing them for market. 

In neighboring cases were collections of crustacea and molusca, 
including one case of shells from the Philippine Islands, and exhibits 
of shells of turtles, terrapins, and tortoises, all of which are of eco- 
nomic importance and represent considerable industries. A collec- 
tion of native seaweeds side by side witli examples of food products 
prepared by the Japanese from similar varieties was designed to show 
how our own plants could be advantageously and profitably utilized. 
The investigations of the bureau, extending over many years, relative 
to the condition and preservation of the fur seals of Alaska, were 
illustrated by a model of a section of a seal rookery on the Pribilof 



64 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 

Islands on which were mounted specimens of seals representing a typ- 
ical family or "harem." 

Representative of the secondary products of the fisheries, which 
are numerous and valuable, was a comprehensive collection of fish 
oils, extensively used for mechanical and medicinal purposes, and a 
series of fish fertilizers made from fishskins and waste. One case 
was devoted to the exhibition of specimens of leather made from the 
skins of various fishes, seals, walrus, and alligators. An example of 
the uses to which the shells of certain mollusks may be put is the 
employment of fresh-water mussels in the manufacture of pearl 
buttons and ornaments. This business has reached large proportions 
in the Mississippi Basin, and a full series of shells thus utihzed was 
displayed, together with buttons in various stages of manufacture. 
The mollusks yielding shells suitable for buttons also produce beautiful 
and valuable pearls and baroque pearls, specimens of which were 
exhibited. Another case, similarly arranged, was devoted to marine 
shells which afford a finer and more lustrous mother-of-pearl from 
which the better grades of pearl buttons and ornaments are produced. 

Nets, seines, and traps were suspended from the ceiling, and on 
the walls and otherwise appropriately arranged were other appliances 
for the capture of fish, including a fine collection of angling instru- 
ments. A large case contained models of fishing vessels, especially 
those in greatest use on the Pacific coast. 

On the walls were statistical charts of the value of the fisheries, 
two charts being devoted, respectively, to showing the immense 
value of the Pacific fisheries, and the other to showing the cost of ' 
planting in Pacific waters some of the food fishes of the Atlantic 
waters and the great returns accruing to the people of the coast 
from this work. Other charts illustrated the methods and results 
of the work of the bureau, and an effective series of colored photo- 
graphs and mutoscope pictures of practical fish-cultural operations 
and fishing scenes illustrated phases of the work that could not 
otherwise be exhibited. 

The Lighthouse Board designated Maj. Charles L. Potter, Corps 
of Engineers, United States Army, engineer of the third lighthouse 
district, in charge of the lighthouse depot and lamp shop at Tompkins- 
ville, N. Y., to prepare and ship the exhibit of the Lighthouse Estab- 
lishment. Shipment was made March 22, 1909. A foreman carpen- 
ter and a lampist were sent to Seattle to erect and adjust the exhibit, 
■^vith the help of mechanics hired at Seattle. Mr. Eduard Henry, 
from the lighthouse depot at Tompkinsville, who had charge of a 
similar exhibit at the Jamestown Exposition, was placed in charge 
of the exhibit just prior to the opening date, assisted by picked 
lighthouse keepers from the Pacific coast, each of the keepers being 
detailed for a period of one month, the details being so arranged 
that one keeper was on duty at a time. A double purpose is served 
by the detail of keepers in the manner indicated — it furnishes a 
recognition of good service that is highly prized by the men and 
thus improves the morale of the service, and monthly details are 
necessary, as it is impracticable to keep any one keeper from his 
station for a longer time. At the conclusion of the exposition two ex- 
perienced packers were sent from the Tompkinsville depot to superin- 
tend the packing of the exhibit for its long return journey. The 
packing of the valuable lenses is a delicate matter, and their loss 



ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFTC EXPOSITION. 65 

would be serious, as the leases exhibited form tlie reserve supply 
which sooner or later is put into active use in various lighthouses. 
The value of the lenses exhibited runs into the tens of thousands of 
dollars, and they could not be duplicated for several months, even 
if appropriations were available, as they are all specially made 
abpoad and must be imported, it unfortunately being a fact that 
there is no establishment in the United States equipped to do this 
class of work. 

The principal element of this exhibit consisted of a number of 
lenses and lanterns typical of the several classes employed in the 
lighting of the coasts, lakes, and rivers of the United States, ranging 
from the large second-order lens down to the small lantern used 
on navigable inland waters. Some of the lenses are of a type used 
to give a steady, fixed light, while two lenses of this exhibit are 
mounted upon revolving mechanism to show the manner of producing 
flashing lights of extreme brilliance and of obtaining a distinctive 
grouping of flashes. 

The following lenses were exhibited: 

One second-order lens, fixed white light. 
Two third-order lenses, fixed white light. 

One third-order lighting lens, revolving and giving two flashes, followed by a dark 
interval. 
One fourth-order lens, fixed white light, oil lamp. 

One fourth-order lens, revolving, four equal flashes each revolution, vapor lamp. 
One lens lantern. Lime Rock type. 
One eight-day lens lantern. 
One three-day lens lantern. 
One one-day lens lantern. 
One eight-day post lantern. 
One one-day post lantern, ruby. 
One locomotive headlight. 
One set of three light- vessel lens lanterns, mounted on portion of light- vessel mast. 

A collection of lamps illustrated the development of the modern 
oil lamp for lighthouse use by employing several concentric wicks to 
give an intense solid flame. The mechanism of these lamps illus- 
trated the progress in apparatus for automatically supplying the 
proper quantity of oil to insure a steady flame at exactly the right 
height. A set of utensils used by light keepers in the care of the 
apparatus, standard types of keepers' lamps, together with a series of 
chimneys for all sizes of lights, illustrated minor details of the equip- 
ment of the service. 

One fourth-order lens was kept lighted during exhibition hours, an 
oil light of the common style being employed, while a revolving 
fourth-order lens was also kept in operation and lighted by an 
improved vapor lamp recently perfected by the Lighthouse Estab- 
lishment, this lamp burning ordinary mineral oil after it has been 
reduced to a gaseous state. In combination with a refractory 
mantle of the incandescent type this produces an intense white light 
of much higher candlepower than the best oil light heretofore used 
at a greatly reduced consumption of oil and with the development 
of much less heat. This type of lamp is now made in several sizes 
for the different classes of lighthouses, and is being installed in place 
of the ordinary oil lamps as rapidly as possible. The perfection of 
this lamp has made it practicable to vastly increase the efficiency of 
6S713°— S. Doe. 671, 61—3 5 



66 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 

every light on our coasts and at the same time save money by decreas- 
ing the amount of oil consumed. A third-order fixed lens was kept 
lighted by an oil lamp for purposes of instruction, but it was 
impracticable to use anything but the smallest size of vapor lamps^ 
as the rays of light from a larger apparatus are blinding in intensity 
even when the building was flooded with sunlight. The central figure 
of the exhibit was a model of the Fowrey Rock Lighthouse, and this 
was equipped with electric light to simulate actual conditions. The 
third-order lighting lens was kept revolving to show the operation of 
the mechanism provided for that purpose, but this apparatus was 
not lighted for the reason above given. 

The exhibit included several pieces of signaling apparatus for use in 
a fog to warn navigators. A large fog bell, with two types of auto- 
matic apparatus for striking the same; a steam whistle and two 
forms of siren, with automatic apparatus for producing a series of 
blasts indicative of the particular station where installed, were 
exhibited. 

A number of models showed the construction of typical lighthouses 
and also illustrated the methods employed in constructing founda- 
tions for lighthouses at points where the engineering difficulties were 
great. These included models of the following lighthouses: Fowey 
Rocks, Spectacle Reef, Minots Ledge, Brandywine Shoal, and South 
Pass. A model of a light vessel was also exhibited, these being 
employed to mark dangerous shoals where lighthouses can not be 
constructed, or are stationed a considerable distance off shore to 
serve as guides in approaching important rivers or bays, thus consti- 
tuting the first light seen by vessels approaching the coast. 

The wall space was occupied by photographs of the latest type of 
lighthouse tenders and light vessels employed on the Pacific coast, 
and relief models of the hulls of vessels of these classes, as well as of 
the lighthouse tender Heather, which was built in Seattle. There 
was also exhibited a large colored photolithograph of a new type of 
light vessel, now under construction, which carries a large lens on the 
top of a massive mast, instead of the cluster of lens lanterns custom- 
arily employed. 

The exhibits were supplied with neat descriptive cards, and during 
the exposition one of the attendants from time to time gave oral 
explanations of the various pieces of apparatus and their functions. 

The exhibit of the Coast and Geodetic Survey was collected and 
prepared by Mr. D. B. Wainwright, an assistant in the survey, and 
was shipped on April 5, 1909, in the same car with the last of the 
fisheries exhibit. Mr. William E. Parker, an assistant in the survey, 
was detailed as chief special agent, in charge of the exhibit at Seattle 
during the exposition. Owing to the exigencies of the service, 
Mr. Parker was unavoidably delayed in reporting at the exposition, 
but immediately began the installation of his exhibit in a vigorous 
manner and had it completely installed before the opening day, 
although some rearrangement of the wall exhibit was made necessary 
by a later arrival of some charts of special local interest which could 
not be procured in time for the opening day. 

This exhibit may be divided into two classes: Charts, which were 
arranged on the wall space, and instruments and appliances for 
obtaining the data from which the charts are prepared, these being 
arranged in two railed areas on the floor. Special attention was given 



ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 67 

to clioosing charts illustrative of localities on the Pacific and Alaskan 
coasts. 

Of special historic value and as affording a comparison of ancient 
and modern cartography, a copy of Juan de la Cosas' Map of the World, 
one of the earliest maps of the world ever published, and Vancouver's 
Map of Northwest America, were included in a series of modern charts 
of the survey. These included specimens charts of San Francisco 
Bay, Alaska, the Philippine Islands, as well as a chart of Seattle 
Harbor, together with the engraved copper plate from which it was 
printed. To illustrate characteristic changes which occur in the 
hydrography and topography at the mouth of an important river, a 
series of three charts of the Columbia Kiver were shown. 

To illustrate the difficulty of locating submerged pinnacle rocks 
and similar dangers to navigation, a photographic print of the 
original hydrographio sheet which includes the "Brooklyn Rock" 
(so called because the U. S. S. BrooMyn discovered its presence in 
otherwise deep water by running upon it), was shown, ^vith this typical 
ledge of small area, situated in deep water, indicated thereon as a 
result of later examination with the harbor sweep. Two efficient 
pieces of apparatus for locating such obstruction were shown, one 
being a large colored sketch of the "wire drag," which is operated by 
launches ; and the other being a reduced model of the "harbor sweep," 
used upon the larger vessels of the survey for this purpose. 

To illustrate the representation of topographic features on charts, 
a reUef model of Rock Creek Park, Washington, D. C, was shown in 
close proximity to a topographical chart of the same area. 

The exhibit of instruments included the principal instruments and 
apphances used by the survey in the various branches of its work, as 
follows : 

For hydrographic work: Sextants, protractors, sounding tubes and 
deep-sea sounding apparatus, and automatic tide gauge. 

For topographical work: A plane table, complete. 

For magnetic work: Magnetometer and Lloyd-Creek dip circle 
with ship gimbal stand. 

For field work: Field astronomical transit completely equipped for 
longitude observations; a zenith and a meridian instrument; a short 
length of Invar base tape, with stretcher, spring balance, and marking 
stakes; theodolites of 4, 6, 7, 12, and 20 inch circles; heliotropes and 
night signal lamps ; a vertical circle and a vertical collimeter. 

Models: Surveying steamer Blake and a model of the Bay of North 
America. 

The exhibits were provided with printed descriptive cards, and 
Mr. Parker gave such explanations as were practicable. 

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

Provision for the preparation of exhibits by the Smithsonian 
Institution and National Museum, primarily historical in character 
and intended to impart to the visitors a knowledge of the history of 
the United States, especially of the region west of the Rocky Moun- 
tains, as well as of Alaska, Hawaii, and the Philippine Islands, was 
made in the act of Congress approved May 27, 1908, authorizing 
general participation by the departments and bureaus of the Govern- 
ment. Of the appropriation for the Government exhibit, the sum 
of $24,000 was allotted for the exhibits of the Smithsonian Institution 



68 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 

and National Museum, and there were also set apart about 10,000 
square feet of space in the main Government building. 

In the preparation of the Smithsonian Institution and National 
Museum exhibits the principal idea, as intimated, v,'as to present an 
outhne of our national achievements and progress, and of the facts 
connected with the development of the western part of the United 
States, Alaska, and the Philippine Islands. 

This plan was carried out by the assembling of 190 portraits of 
eminent persons connected with the discovery and history of America, 
Alaska, the Hawaiian and Philippine Islands (colored photographs, 
engravings, etchings), and by pictures and paintings representing 
historic scenes and landmarks; by models of historic vessels, such 
as the viking ship, the Santa Maria, the Half Moon, and the May- 
flower, and by models illustrating the development of the steam 
vessel, including John Fitch's steamboat, which plied on the Dela- 
ware in 1786, the Clermont, first used by Fulton in 1807 on the 
Hudson, the PTioenix and the Savannah, the latter the first steamboat 
to cross the Atlantic Ocean; by models illustrative of the primitive 
methods of land transportation in America, and early railway loco- 
motives, such as the John Bull and the Stourbridge Lion. 

The medallic history of the United States was portrayed by a series 
of bronze copies of 23 medals struck in honor of the Presidents of the 
United States, and other medals commemorating special acts; and 
American cartography by maps and facsimiles of a number of treaties. 

The influence of various religious sects in the settlement of the 
Pacific coast and Alaska was shown by means of paintings of Spanish 
missions, by models of mission buildings, relics, and other interesting 
objects; also by an excellent model of St. Michael's Cathedral in 
Sitka, photographs of churches and clergy, and a collection of religious 
books connected with Russian missionary efforts in Alaska; by a 
collection of portraits of persons conspicuous in the establishment 
and growth of the Church of the Latter-day Saints, models of the 
temple and tabernacle in Salt Lake City, and a chart showing their 
migrations from Vermont to Utah and other points, besides a number 
of relics bearing on the same. 

An exhibit which attracted much attention consisted of models 
and paintings of ancient Pueblos. The prehistoric ruin of Casa 
Granda was graphically illustrated by a painting presenting a bird's- 
eye view and models of three of the rectangular structures, kno^vn 
as compounds, showing the buildings used for the performance of 
sacred rites and as habitations of medicine men and chiefs. 

The cliS dwelling arcliitecture was well portrayed in the model of 
the mummy cave which is located in northeastern Arizona. 

Modern Pueblo and California Indian family life were depicted by 
a group of Zuni and Hupa Indians engaged in their customary occu- 
pations. 

The culture, customs, and industries of the people of southeastern 
Alaska were shown by lay figures of an Esquimo man and woman, a 
model of a log house, objects carved in wood, such as chests, totem 
poles, harpoons, snowshoes, and many other classes of objects, a 
number of historical paintings lent by Mr. T. J. Richardson and 
photographs by Lieut. G. T. Emmons, United States Navy, por- 
trayed its early history. 

The hfe and habits of the Phihppine islanders received special 
attention, and were illustrated by Kfe-sized family groups of the 



ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 69 

Negritos of Zambales and the Igorots of Bontoc, besides a large 
number of objects, illustrating the arts, customs, and industries of 
the Tagals, Moros, Bagobos, and the general history of the Philippine 
Islands by a series of photographs of the natives, family hfe and 
occupations, buildings and churches. 

The histor}'' of Hawaii was well illustrated by a model of a village 
of the early inhabitants, who formerly lived in grass thatched houses 
grouped into villages and presided over by a chief and a priest, also 
by a very large, well labeled and identified ethnological collection 
brought together by Mr. N. B. Emerson, as a result of years of work. 
Photographs showing buildings, ancient and modern, illustrated 
church, settlement, and school work by the Hawaiian Evangelical 
Association. 

A hfe-sized family group, oil paintings, photographs, and a number 
of objects portrayed the habits and customs of the Samoans and the 
inhabitants of Guam and the Marianne Islands. 

The evolution and history of photography was well illustrated, 
beginning with the earliest permanent photographs and including 
examples of nearly all of the most important discoveries and inven- 
tions up to the present time. Many of the specimens were made by 
the inventors of the processes and others in the Museum laboratory. 
The collections of color photographs are especially fijae, beginning 
with the tinting, then an elaborate coloring of the photograph by 
hand, and the patented processes for transferring the film to a colored 
base, which fimally led to the almost perfect photographs in color, as 
made by Ives, Wood, Lippmann, Miley, and the autochromes made 
in our own laboratory by Mr. T. W. Smillie. 

The history of medicine prepared by Dr. J. M. Flint consisted 
mainly of photographs and biographical sketches of noted doctors, 
beginning with the physician who accompanied Capt. John Smith to 
America and ending with the twentieth century, up to and including 
experiments conducted by Maj. Keed for the prevention of yellow 
fever in Cuba in 1891. 

The exhibits were prepared by the representative, Itfr. W. de C. 
Ravenel, with the assistance of Mr. W. H. Holmes, of the Bureau of 
American Ethnology; Dr. Walter Hough, acting head curator of 
anthropology; Dr. I. M. Casanowicz; Mr. T. T. Belote; Mr. T. W. 
Smilhe; Mr. G. C. Maynard; and Dr. J. M. Fhnt, United States Navy. 
The groups were designed by Mr. Holmes and modeled by Mr. U. S. J. 
Dunbar. The models of Casa Grande were made by Mr. H. W. 
Hendley, under the direction of Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, and the model 
of the Hawaiian village by Mr. I. B. Millner. The ethnographic 
exhibits were set up by Mr. T. W. Sweeny. 

The i\Iuseum is indebted to Mr. George Wharton James for the 
assembling of the exhibits from the California Missions; to Rev. A. P. 
Kashevarofl for designing and collecting the exhibit of the Russian 
Orthodox Church in Alaska; to a committee of the Church of Latter 
Day Saints, of which Mr. O. F. Whitney was chairman, for an exhibit 
illustrating the history of that church; to the Board of Hawaiian 
Evangelical Association for a series of photographs showing mission 
work in Hawaii; and to Mr. H. W. Henshaw, Lieut. G. T. Emmons, 
United States Navy, Mr. T. J. Richardson, Dr. C. H. Townsend, and 
Mr. W. E. Safford for the loan of photographs and paintings. 

Special acknowledgment is made of the cordial assistance rendered 
by the Department of State, the War Department, the Signal Corps, 



70 ALASKA-YUKON-PAOIFIC EXPOSITION. 

the Bureau of Fisheries, and the American Museum of Natural 
History. 

The exhibit as a whole attracted much attention, being of especial 
interest to students of history. 

BIOGBAPH EXHIBIT. 

Presumably prompted by the success of similar features at past 
expositions, the framers of the act of Congress making appropriation 
for the Government exhibit at the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition 
included in the bill a provision for a biograph exhibit. In pursuance 
of this provision the Government board of managers designated 
Mr. James C. Boykin as manager, and allotted $5,000 to cover the 
expenses of the exhibit. 

It was decided in the beginning that the exhibit should consist 
of a series of lectui'es in a haU specially designed for the purpose, the 
lectures to be upon subjects relating to the Government service and 
to be freely illustrated by moving pictures and lantern slides. 

The cooperation of the departmental representatives was sought 
at once, and a plan was devised by which lecturers would be furnished 
from men detailed to exposition duty by the several departments, 
while the cost of making new pictures and the maintenance of the 
exhibit, including salaries of operators, ushers, etc., should be paid 
from the allotment for the biograph exhibit. The plan operated 
successfully in every respect. A camera operator was sent to such 
places as were necessary to make motion-picture films and lantern 
slides of subjects furnished by the Departments of War, Navy, 
Treasury, Agriculture, etc. Other films were secured from various 
sources, and not less than 15,000 feet of standard film and 1,500 
lantern slides were used regularly during the season. The number 
of lectures available was greater than could be accommodated in 
one day, and considerable variety was possible in the program. 
Ten lectures were presented every day, each occupying about a half 
hour, with an interval of about 15 minutes between them. Ordi- 
narily about 60 slides and 5 or 6 motion scenes were used in a lecture. 

Nearly all the lecturers were men who had had long experience at 
the work, and those who lacked such experience were provided 
• with manuscript, so that there was no question of their being able 
to tell an interesting story. The subjects, of course, all related 
to functions or agencies of the Government, and it was the aim to 
make them both entertaining and instructive. There was abundant 
evidence that this aim was accomplished, for the attendance was 
always eminently satisfactory. A few of the lectures failed to arouse 
enthusiasm, but the average of excellence was high and expressions 
of appreciation were constantly heard. 

The room provided was in the Hawaiian building, and its arrange- 
ment was all that could be desired except in one respect, and that a 
very important one — its acoustic properties were defective, inasmuch 
as the ceiling consisted of building paper and cloth only. It was 
difiicult for some of the lecturers to make themselves heard in the 
rear of the room. But for this, the hall would have been for the 
purpose perfect. A plaster "screen" 20 by 28 feet, ample platform, 
sloping floor, abundant exits, good ventilation, commodious quarters 
for the operator, efl^ective communication between the lecturer and 
the operator, fireproof booth for apparatus, with automatic shutters, 



i 



ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 



71 



and an unobstructed view from all the 500 chairs in the room, were 
features of the construction. It was by far the best hall that has 
been constructed for a similar purpose at any exposition in this 
country. 

The following lecturers appeared during the season: 



Andrew P. Anderson 

Clarence L. Andrews 

W.H. Babbitt , 

Clarence J. Blanchard 

LoydChllds 

W. J. Cooper r. 

W.T. Crone, United States Navy 

E.G. Culver 

W. H. Dunlap, United States Navy 

M. O. Eldridge 

Don Carlos Ellis , 

Dr. M. W. Glover, Public Health and Marine-Hospital 
Service. 

Alfred Hart _^ 

B. F. Heidel 

Augustus F. Knudsen 

Dr. S. C. Lancaster 

J. A . McCormick 

Fred W. Prince 



Subject. 



Good Roads. 

A Trip Through Alaska. 

Hawaii's Charms. 
(The Call of the West. 
iThe Land that God Forgot. 

Picturesque Hawaii. 

The Cross Roads of the Pacific. 

In the Navy. 

(Yellowstone National Park. 
The Nation's Treasure House. 
The Life of a Soldier. 

In the Navy. 

Good Roads. 

Saving the Forests. 
(Fighting the Plague. 
(Tuberculosis. 

Our Neighbors of Latin America. 

Good Roads. 

The Volcano of Kilauea. 

Improving the Highways. 

Mount Ranier. 
(Yosemite National Park. 
iThe Grand Canyon of the Arizona. 



J 



The following from the official daily program of September 27, 
1909, shows the arrangement of the lectures and the scope covered 
on a typical day: 

Government Biograph Exhibit. 
[In the Hawaii building.] 

Popular talks about the activities of tiie United States Government, with motion 
X^icturee and lantern slides. 

10.15 a. m. — "Picturesque Hawaii," by Mr. Loyd Childe, special ageut, Hawaiian 
exhibit. A city in a bower of palms; wonderful combinations of mountain and ocean; 
views of native life; surf riding and boating at Waikiki; a royal funeral; a tropical 
carnival with twentieth century improvements; characteristic scenes in Honolulu; 
the fortification of Pearl Harbor; the sugar industry. The lecture on the volcano of 
Kilauea described below (for 5 p. m.) will alternate with this — one being given in the 
morning and the other in the afternoon of each day. 

11 a. m. — "The Life of a Soldier," by Mr. E. C. Culver. Coast Artillery drills; 
firing a 12-inch disappearing gun; a 6-inch rapid-fire gun; 12-inch mortars; Field 
Artillery; Battery B. Third Artillery, Capt. Horn, in intricate maneuvers; Capt. 
Hennessy and the pupils of his schools in horsemanship performing difficult feats; 
Cavalry; Troop F, Fourteenth Cavalry, Capt. Preston, bareback and trick riding; 
Infantry, Butts Manual; wall scaling; tent drill; Signal Corps, tests of Orville Wrights' 
aeroplane. 

11.45 a. m. — "In the Navy, " by Mr. W. H. Belknap; Artillery drill; flying wedge 
of torpedo boats; battle ship fleet off Cape Hatteras; mechanical semaphore; boat 
drill; a difficult landing of launches; the sailor's diversions. 

12.30 p. m. (Mondays and Thursdays). — "Our Neighbors of the South," by Mr. 
Alfred Hart, of the International Bureau of American Republics, history and functions 
of the Pan American Bureau; commercial relations with the Latin-American countries; 
street scenes in Central and South American cities; public buildings and theaters; 
beautiful boulevards; towering mountains and dense forests; perpetual snows near 
the equator; banana and sugar plantations; millions in coffee. 

12.30 p. m. (Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Fridays, and Saturdays). — "Yosemite National 
Park, "by Mr. Fred W. Prince; by rail to El Portal; a picturesque stage ride; towering 
cliffs of gray; rivers tumbling over precipices; a combination of stupendous grandeur 
and delicate beauty; fantastic peaks and feathery waterfalls; comfortable modern 
hotels and camps; to Glacier Point via Vernal and Nevada Falls; an overhanging rock 
a half mile above the valley; trees centuries old that touch the clouds. 



72 



ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 



1.15 p. m. — "A Trip Through Alaska," by Mr. C. L. Andrews; gorgea and waterfalls, 
glaciers and mountains; the life of an Alaskan miner; the native Alaskan as he lives in the 
Valley of the Yukon and along the coastal fjords; the winter trail; the Alexander Archi- 
pelago; railroading in winter's snowa and amid summer flowers; the glamour of gold. 

2 p. m. — "The Nation's Treasure House," by Mr. E. C. Culver. The United States 
Treasury building; the cash room; gold vaults; a million-dollar handful; money 
making in all its processes — engraving, printing, counting, numbering, cutting, trim- 
ming, packing, storing, printing postage stamps; the Immigration S^vice; Americans 
in prospect; the portal of the Nation. 

2.45 p. m. — "Saving the Forests, " by Mr. D. C. Ellis, of the Forest Service, United 
States Department of Agriculture. One of the greatest sources of the Nation's wealth; 
gradual disappearance of the primeval woods; what the Forest Service is doing for con- 
servation; intelligent methods versus waste; devastation by fire, and its prevention; 
influence of forests upon climate, the soils and the flow of streams, and consequently 
upon successful irrigation and agriculture. 

3.30 p. m. — "Road Improvement," by Mr. B. F. Heidel, of the office of Public 
Roads, United States Department of Agriculture. The disadvantage of bad roads 
and the benefit and importance of good ones; good roads in the United States and in 
foreign countries; methods of building; waya and means of paying for and taking care 
of them; macadam, telford, gravel, sand clay, tar-macadam, etc.; a French quarry; 
a test of automobile dust. 

4.15 p. m. — "Yellowstone National Park," by Mr. E. C. Culver. A tour of the 
park; the train arriving at Gardiner; coaches leaving the depot; arriving at Mam- 
moth Hotel; cavalry troop on patrol; New Crater Geyser; Mammoth Paint Pots; 
Old Faithful; Upper Falls of the Yellowstone; Lower Falls; wild animals — buffalo, 
antelope, deer, mountain sheep, etc. 

5 p. m. — "The Volcano of Kilauea, " by Mr. A. J. Knudsen, Hawaiian Commissioner. 
Preparations for the journey; comfortable modes of travel; remarkable scenery on the 
route; arrival at the crater; across a valley of fire; scorched souvenirs; rivers of 
molten lava; night scenes within the crater. This lecture will alternate with "Pic- 
turesque Hawaii, " described above (for 10.15 a. m.) each being given in the morning 
of one day and in the afternoon of the next. v. 

Statement of expenditures made from the appropriation '^ Government Exhibit, Alasha- 
YuJcon-Paeific Exposition, Seattle, Wash.," to and including March 31, 1910. 



Allotment. ^^^^^- Matatr 



Freight. 



Subsist- 
ence. 



Department of S tate 

Treasury Department 

War Department 

Department of Justice 

Post OfTice Department 

Navy Department 

Interior Department 

Department of Agriculture 

Department of Commerce and Labor 

Smithsonian Institution and National Mu 

Beum 

Biograph exhibit 

Common fund 

Total 



84,000.00 
24,000.00 
16,500.00 
4,000.00 
10,000,00 
14,000,00 
24,093.33 
24, 105. 00 
26,000.00 

23,895.00 
4,906.67 
24,500.00 



8194. 82 
4,295.97 
5,976.25 
2,036.11 
1,479.47 
2,497.18 
7, 657, 75 
9, 638. 69 
4, 203. S3 

10,549.28 
1,948.63 



816.72 
453.51 
39.07 
85.50 
1,050,34 
119.92 
970. 20 
225.87 
1,603.77 

433.85 
132.39 



8284. 26 
3,004.09 
3,529.84 
349. 97 
1,059.12 
2,949.42 
2,975.79 
2,171.39 
4,081.21 

2,851.32 
U9.47 
355.53 



200,000.00 



50,477.98 



81,712.00 
4, 633. 00 
3,447.00 
125. 00 
1,513.00 
441.00 
3,446.62 
3, 739. 00 
6, 128. 50 

1,935.50 

110.50 

3,400.00 



Department of State 

Treasury Department 

War Department 

Department of Justice 

Post Office Department 

Navy Department 

Interior Department 

Department of .\griculture 

Department of Commerce and Labor 

Smithsonian Institution and National 

Museum 

Biograph exhibit .* 

Common fund 



Total 16,09L62 



Trans- 
portation. 



Miscel- 
laneous. 



S686. 35 

1,547.03 

1,121.85 

139.00 

432.52 

S34.10 

1,709.99 

1,804.15 

1,893.14 

1,570.04 
206.00 

1,447.45 



8,W). 00 
4,321.32 
886.00 
693.00 
1,114.30 
4,281.50 
5,224.25 
4,329.75 
3,467.00 

5,738.67 
2, 120. 83 
12,783.35 



8143. 65 
471. 18 
763.73 
238.83 
58.97 
329.69 
254.91 
181.77 
408.93 



83,343.80 
18,726.10 
15, 763. 74 
3,667.41 
6,707.72 
11,152.81 
22,239.51 
22,090.62 
24.086.38 



146.93 1 23,225.59 
179.97 4,817.79 
3,899.79 I 21,863.53 



45,265.97 



7,078.35 178,285.00 



8656. 20 
5,273.90 
736. 26 
332.59 
3, 292. 28 
2,847.19 
1,85.3.82 
2,014.38 
1,313.62 

669. 41 

88.88 

2, 636, 47 



21,715.00 



EXHIBIT OF ALASKA. 
EXHIBIT OF HAWAII. 



Under the supervision of the Secretary of the Interior. 



73 



THE ALASKAN EXHIBIT. 

Immediately upon the receipt of the notification of the Secretary 
of the Treasury that the appropriation for the Alaskan exhibit was 
available, energetic steps were taken to prosecute the work of the 
collection of material. Certain prehminary work had aheady been 
done, for after the approval of the biU on May 27, 1908, it was taken 
for granted that the requirements of the law would be met by the 
exposition authorities, and that it was but a question of a few weeks 
before the Secretary of the Treasury would so notify the persons 
concerned. That notification reached the Department of the Interior 
on July 20, 1909. 

In the interval the general plan of the exhibit and of the methods 
of procedure in its organization were outlined. The question of 
appointments to the principal positions was also canvassed, and no 
time was lost in proceeding vrith the work as soon as it was possible 
to do so. Such expedition was demanded by the fact that oidy 10 
months remained before the opening of the exposition, and that 
time included the winter months during which the greater part of 
Alaska is whoUy inaccessible from the States. 

Mr. John C. McBride, of Juneau, was appointed commissioner, 
and Mr. James L. Farmer was appointed chief special agent on July 
20, 1908. Mr. Farmer was designated special disbursing agent, 
and left Washington for Juneau on July 23, as soon as formaUties 
relating to his appointment, bond, etc., could be completed. 

In the beginning an "advisory board" of 26 members was appointed 
by Gov. W. B. Hoggatt. These gentlemen represented every 
important industry in Alaska, and were all thoroughly interested in 
the development of the district. They were freely con^lted in 
regard to the exhibit and their assistance and moral support were 
of great value. They were: Candle, Charles E. Herron; Casadepega, 
Thomas K. Shepard; Circle City, F. H. Grace; Douglas, P. H. Fox; 
Council, E. R. Dunn; Esther, Clarence Berry; Fairbanks, E. M, 
Carr and Volney Richmond; Haines, R. A. Leonard; Juneau, B. M. 
Behrends, E. C. Russell, and Capt. Johnston; Ketchikan, J. R. 
Heckman and J. W. Stedman; Nome, Cabell Whitehead, Jafet 
Linderberg, and Dudley Dean; Rampart, J. W. Duncan; Seward, 
H. H. Hildreth; Sitka, W. P. Mills; St. Michael, A. P. Zipf ; TeUer, 
W. T. Lopp; Valdez, S. Blum and George C. Hazelet; Wrangell, 
P. C. McCormack. 

It was not expected that the members of this honorary board 
would actively engage in the collection of exhibits. That was the 
work of the special agents, of whom seven were appointed at first, 
each being assigned to a particular section of the district. They 
were: J. J. Underwood, of Nome, Seward Peninsula; L. S. Robe, of 
Fairbanks, Tanana River; R. A. Semple, of Juneau, Cooks Inlet and 
Copper River; Percy Pond of Juneau, Southeastern Alaska; H. R. 
Shepard, of Fairbanks, Yukon River; Mrs. Mary E. Hart, of Valdez, 

75 



7G ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 

Copper River and Southeastern; G. Kostrometinoff, of Sitka, Aleutian 
Islands. 

Subsequently the following were added to the list : Frank S. Burk- 
hart, special agent; W. H. Hildreth, of Seward, for the vicinity of 
Seward; Clarence L. Andrews, special agent for agriculture and 
horticulture; August Buschmann and Arthur E. Howard, fisheries 
experts; John D. Fields, mining expert. 

It was necessary for these agents to do a great deal of niissionary 
work before they could be successful in securing material. It was 
always necessary to arouse interest in the exposition as a whole and 
in the Alaskan exliibit to the point at which nien would be wiUing 
to contribute valued property. 

The agents, though persons of good standing, were, with two 
exceptions, without experience in exposition work, for. the previous 
participation of Alaska in such affairs had been on a comparatively 
small scale and few persons had been employed in the collection of 
exhibits. Nevertheless, their efforts, as shown by the results, were 
well directed and successful. Many exliibits which they did not 
directly secure were to be credited to their "missionary work" and 
to the publicity which they aided in giving -to the e.xliibit. They 
worked largely through the chambers of commerce and similar organi- 
zations in the several towns, but in addition to this they frequently 
called public meetings in which they urged the cooperation of citizens, 
and these public efforts were supplemented by frequent personal 
conferences with prospective exliibitors. The plan of organizing 
local bodies for the collection and preparation of material was utilized 
more extensively in connection with exhibits of women than in any 
other branch of the work. "Women's auxiliaries" or clubs were 
organized in all the principal towns, and their work in the main was 
diligent and effective. 

The list of the "auxiliaries" follows: 

Katalla Woman's Auxiliary: Mrs. A. C. Williams, president; Miss Britton, secretary. 

Cordova-Woman's Auxiliary: Mrs. George 0. Hazelet, president; Miss Carry Olson, 
secretary. 

Valdez Woman's Auxiliary: Mrs. James Fish, president; Mrs. L. Sweet, secretary. 

Seward Woman's Auxiliary: Mrs. Henry P. Wybrant, president; Miss Anna Karsaak, 
secretary. 

Ketchikan Woman's Auxiliary: Mrs. Julia Thompson, president; Mrs, F. J. Hunt, 
secretary. 

Metlakatia Woman's Auxiliary (native): Mrs. Bertram G. Mitchell, president; 
Mrs. Ella E. Langelier, secretary. 

Wrangell Woman's Auxiliary; Mrs. L. J. Cole, president; Mrs. J. H. Wheeler, 
secretary. 

Sitka Woman's Auxiliary: Mrs. C. C. Georgeson, president; Mrs. C. Gamborg- 
Andresen, secretary. 

Juneau Woman's Auxiliary: Mi'S. J. C. McBride, president; Mrs. Frank Cook, 
secretary. 

Douglas Island Woman's Auxiliary (embracing towns of Douglas and Treadwell): 
Mrs. Tompkins, of Treadwell, president; Miss Thora Smith, of Douglas, secretary. 

Skagway Woman's Auxiliary: Mrs. L. S. Keller, president; Mrs. P. W. Snyder, 
secretary. 

Haines and Fort Seward Woman's Auxiliary (embracing the towns of Fort Seward 
and Haines): Mrs. A. T. McLean, president; Mrs. George Vogle, secretary. 

Petersburg Woman's Auxiliary: Mrs. Cora Ray, president; Mi's. Mudge, secretary. 

Fairbanks Woman's Auxiliary: Mrs. R. E. Maddock, president; Mrs. E. R. Heilig, 
secretary. 

Nome Woman's Auxiliary: Mrs. P. J. Coston, president; Mrs. J. J. Underwood, 
secretary. 



ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 77 

As a stimulant to the efforts of the "auxiliaries" it was arranged 
to allow that auxiliary which presented the best exhibit to name 
an attendant to serve one month in the exhibit at a salary of S150. 
This offer created a healthy rivalry between the clubs, and the showing 
of material made by man}' of them was excellent. A similar offer 
was made to the teachers of the Government schools for natives in 
order to increase their interest in the preparation of exhibit material, 
and a like result was obtained. 

In addition to the regularly appointed special agents the aid of 
Government officers stationed in Alaska was freely given. 

The schools for natives of Alaska are controlled by the Bureau of 
Education, and Dr. Harlan Updegraff is the general agent in charge 
of them. It was decided at an early date that a special feature should 
be made of this work, and a sum of money was allotted for the pur- 
pose. Dr. Updegraff designated Mr. A. N. Thompson, superintendent 
of schools for the southeastern district, to take charge of the matter, 
and the preparation of his exhibit was actively and effectively pushed. 

On the request of this department the Secretary of Commerce and 
Labor authorized Mr. John N. Cobb, agent of the Bureau of Fisheries, 
to cooperate with the commissioner. His aid and suggestions were 
of great value. 

The board of road commissioners, of which Maj. Richardson, 
United States Army, is president, also gave such assistance as was 
within their power, furnishing maps, models, descriptive articles, 
and the like. 

Dr. H. M. W. Edmonds, in charge of the magnetic base station of 
the Umted States Coast and Geodetic Survey at Sitka, showed his 
interest by furnishing maps, charts, and photographs for the exhibit. 

The agricultural experiment station, under Prof. C. C. Georgeson, 
furnished valuable specimens in the classes of horticulture and agri- 
culture, and contributed in other ways to the completeness of the 
display. 

The Director of the Geological Survey took especial interest in the 
Alaskan exhibit, and on September 19, 1908, he wrote a letter, of 
which the following was a part: 

ALASKA MINERAL-RESOURCES EXHIBIT. 

Since there is to be a special Government exhibit in the Alaskan building, it is 
requested that space and funds be reserved for the Division of Alaskan Mineral 
Resources in that building, and that this matter be taken up with the commiBsioners 
for the Alaskan exhibit. An exhibit can then be installed illustrating the topography, 
geography, and geology of Alaska, mining operations, and other mineral resources of 
Alaska. Mr. A. H. Brooks, geologist in charge of the Division of Alaskan Mineral 
Resources, is now in the North, so that estimate can not at present be submitted. 
Communication has, however, been opened with him on the subject, and it is con- 
fidently expected that a noteworthy exhibit along this line can be prepared by him 
in cooperation with the commissioners of the Alaskan exhibit. 

In accordance with this request an allotment of funds was made 
for this section of the exhibit, and the preparation of the material 
was prosecuted with vigor. 

The building provided for the exhibit was of pleasing appearance, 
uniform in architecture with the main Government building and the 
Hawaiian building, its neighbors, and it contained 36,000 square feet. 
It was abundantly provided with entrances and was well lighted 
throughout. Commodious offices were included in the plans, one of 



78 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSIXIOK. 

them being so placed as to afford a full view of the whole interior of 
the building. Storage space for empty boxes and the like was avail- 
able beneath the floor and could easily be reached through trap- 
doore. In short, it was a building in every way well adapted to the 
purpose for which it was designed. 

The building was divided into seven principal divisions: 

I. Mines and minerals. 
II. Fish and fisheries. 

III. Furs, animals, and birds. 

IV. Agriculture, horticulture, and forestry. 
V. Transportation. 

VI. Ethnology. 
VII. Education, women's work, and art. 

The most conspicuous feature of the building was the gold exhibit 
in the center of the floor to which the principal aisles converged. 
It was installed in an elaborate booth, beautifully ornamented and 
brilliantly lighted, in the center of which was a plate glass case 6 feet 
square and 6 feet high. In this case was a stand of black velvet, with 
a basin-like center and beveled sides in the center of the "basin." 
Rising above the surroundings were brackets holding the five largest 
nuggets ever found in the Territory of Alaska, the largest of them, 
the property of the Pioneer Mining Co., being valued at not less than 
$4,000. Filling the "basin" around the brackets were 70 gold bricks, 
weighing about 125 pounds, and containing about $20,000 each, 
nearly all of which were loaned by the Scandinavian- American Bank 
of Seattle. In triangular trays set in the top of the stand at its cor- 
ners were innumerable nuggets of varying sizes with a total value of 
about $100,000, most of them owned by Mrs. Clarence Berry, of Los 
Angeles, Cal., and on the beveled edges of the stand were closely set 
vials of "dust," most of them containing 1 ounce, but with larger 
ones interspersed at regular intervals. At one time the total value of 
the gold displayed was $1,250,000, and the sight was one of extraor- 
dinary beauty and interest. To say that it was the most striking 
feature of the entire exposition would be but to speak the truth. 
Alaska was the motive and central idea of the exposition; gold 
amounting to nearly $150,000,000 has been Alaska's pi'incipal gift to 
mankind, and the "gold booth" bore striking testimonj' to the 
magnificence of her wealth. 

The precautions for the safety of this treasure seemed to be as 
complete as could be desired. A heavy iron cage surrounded and 
covered the case above the floor at a distance of 3 feet from it. The 
top of the case itself was a heavy steel plate which, when the case was 
lowered into the vault below, fitted snugly into the floor and made a 
perfect protection from dangers from above. The vault was built 
of concrete and steel, 8 inches thick, and a hydrauHc arrangement was 
provided, by means of which the entire case with its contents could be 
quickly lowered into the vault by the simple turn of a lever, and it was 
so lowered every night. To raise it required the knowledge of a com- 
bination time lock. The vault was additionally protected against 
burglary by an electric sheathing, which would give the alarm 
instantly if it were attacked by a metal instrument or tampered with 
in any way. This device was tested at half-hour intervals throughout 
the night, Armed guards were constantly stationed in the rooms 
about the vault and on the floor above, so that it seemed that nothing 



ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 79 

was omitted to insure the safety of the valuable exhibit; certainly 
there was no attempt to molest it. 

Though the most spectacular, the gold exhibit was far from being 
the most important of the mineral exhibits. An excellent collection 
of minerals was displayed by the Division of Alaskan Mineral Resources 
of the Geological Survey, and though the specimens were compara- 
tively small and the collection presented a modest appearance, in 
scientific interest it was superior to any other collection in that sec- 
tion, inasmuch as it was comprehensive and representative of the 
geology of the entire district so far as it is possible to make such a 
showing at this time. In connection with the mineral specimens were 
a number of maps illustrating the geology of Alaska, especially with 
reference to its economic side. Altogether the showing made by the 
Geological Survey was distinctly creditable and satisfying. 

Gold was shown not only in its pure state in nuggets, bricks, and 
"dust," but also in ores and "pay dirt" in great quantity, and from 
all parts of the District in which it has been found. In this respect 
the exliibit was particularly complete, and it was evident that gold 
in its various conditions was uppermost in the minds of the special 
agents and collectors. 

Second only in interest to gold, and perhaps exceeding it in value, 
are the coal deposits of Alaska. The exhibits presented of high grade 
coals from the Bering River and Matanuska fields and of lignites and 
lower grades of bituminous coals from widely scattered portions of the 
district, well illustrated its practically unlimited resources in this 
respect. An instructive feature of the exhibit was a number of speci- 
mens taken from different localities which together presented the com- 
plete geological history of coal. 

But little attention has been paid to silver in Alaska up to this time, 
and the total production has amounted to only SI, 120, 562 up to and 
including 1908, yet some fine specimens were shown in the exhibit. 

The production of copper has exceeded the production of silver in 
the ratio of four to one, for copper mining has steadily increased in 
importance. Still more extensive preparations are making to reach 
and work the rich veins that are known to exist, involving the expendi- 
ture of millions of dollars. The exhibit of copper and copper ores 
was impressive. A nugget of pure copper, weighing 1,000 pounds, 
was shown, but even this is small in comparison with others that have 
been discovered, particularly one found on Nugget Creek, a branch of 
the Tuskalina River, 100 miles from Valdez, which is 9 feet long 
and weighs about 3 tons. Efforts were made to secure this for the 
exliibit, but without success, principally because of its inaccessibility 
and the difiiculties of transportation. 

A handsome booth constructed of Alaskan marble was a conspicu- 
ous feature of the mineral section. The material was of excellent qual- 
ity, comparing favorably with that produced in any other portion of 
the United States. Three marble quarries are in operation in south- 
eastern Alaska, but up to this time the output has been comparatively 
small in quantity. 

An instructive display of petroleum from the Katalla fields was 
made by the Alaska Petroleum & Coal Co., which like nearly all the 
mineral exhibits, showed possibilities for the future rather than pres- 
ent production, for so far the output has not been on a commercial 
scale. 



80 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 

Besides these, the exhibit contained important displays of tin in the 
form of cassiterite, from Seward Peninsula, antimony in stibnite, 
tungsten in scheelite and wolframite, lead, asbestos, sulphur, mica, 
bismuth, and iron. A highly decorated booth was devoted to mineral 
waters, a miniature stamp mill was in constant operation, and pano- 
ramic scenes were presented of the mining property of the Alaskan 
Industrial Co. on Prince of Wales Island, and of a hydraulic mining 
plant. 

Alaska was famous for its marine products long before it was known 
that there was gold in that part of the world. In fact, one of the 
motives for the purchase is said to have been the understanding that 
cod was plentiful in the waters of Alaska. In value the production of 
gold has outstripped the production of fish, but Alaska nevertheless 
leads all the States of the Union in the value of its fish products, and 
that even though some of her resources have scarcely been touched. 
The total catch in 1908 amounted to 217,831,415 pounds, valued at 
$11,847,443. Salmon is, of course, the first item in the category of 
Alaska's valuable fish. Fifty canneries are in operation and they 
packed more than $10,000,000 worth of fish in 1908. Cod is next 
on the list, and nearly 3,000,000 of theni were sold the same year. 
Halibut are largely caught in southeastern Alaska, and herring 
are utilized to a limited extent. Whales are still in suflicient numbers 
to make it profitable to hunt them and a well-equipped station has 
been established on Admiralty Island for the business. Besides these, 
eulachon, or candle fish, red snappers, red cod, trout, whitefish, smelt, 
crabs, clams, etc., are caught and marketed in considerable numbers. 

The feature of the fisheries section of the exhibit building which 
usually attracted attention first was the imposing display of salmon 
in cans, arranged in great columns and pyramids. Behind them was 
a kitchen from which canned salmon was served free to all comers. 
An experienced chef was in charge, and his skill in preparing the fish 
was a revelation in itself. On no two days did he serve the same dish, 
yet all were of salmon, dainty and delicious. 

■ An object of never failing interest was the "iron chink," a machine 
extensively used in the salmon canneries. It decapitates, disem- 
bowels, cleans, trims, and cuts the fish ready for the can, with pre- 
cision equal to that of the living Chinaman whom it superseded. 
The machine is a marvel of ingenuity and efficiency, and but for the 
accidental death of the inventor shortly before the opening of the 
exposition, it would have been shown in actual operation. 

Whaling and fishing gear in great variety was shown, and one of the 
plants of the Alaska Packers Association was shown in miniature in 
full operation. Glass cases contained jars of oils, fertilizers, and other 
by-products, or minor products, of the industry. An immense halibut 
was shown in an iron tank during a portion of the exposition, but after 
he had shown an incorrigible tendency to rise above the level of mere 
alcohol and to smash the plate glass top of his case, he was removed 
and consigned to earth. 

A collection of the principal Alaskan fish, 28 of them, stuffed and 
mounted by a peculiar process which preserved their natural color 
and a lifelike appearance, was one of the most interesting of the less 
conspicuous exhibits. 

Since its discovery Alaska has probably given to the world as much 
of value in furs as in gold. The traffic in skins is naturally declining 



ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 81 

now, but it is by no means unimportant. lu 1908 there were shipped 
from Alaska skins as follows: Bears, 910; foxes, 13,614; minks, 
9,127; lynx, 4,832; martens, 4,047; wolverines, 213; ermines, 2,542; 
fur seals, 15,430; muskrats, 31,712; beavers, 1,280; other animals 
and unclassified, about 1,500. 

An interesting branch of the fur industry is that of "fox farming," 
which is practiced on some of the small western islands. The blue 
fox is the sort utilized, and the business has proved successful and 
profitable, for the foxes are prolific and the pelts sell readily at good 
prices. The exhibit of furs was furnished principally by dealers and 
manufacturers, and contained many very fine specimens upon which 
high values were placed. 

The exhibit of birds was prepared principally by Dr. W. T. Shaw, 
assistant professor of zoology and curator of the museum of the 
Washington State College of Agriculture. Alaska is one of the breed- 
ing places of many of the varieties of birds which visit the more 
southern climes at other seasons, and many other of the birds whose 
forms are familiar to us go there in migrations. Consequently, 
though the list of Alaskan birds is a long one, there are compara- 
tively few which are found in Alaska and not elsewhere in the United 
States. Of these the most interesting and the most beautiful is the 
ptarmigan, the bird peculiar to the Arctic, whose graceful form and 
whose changes of plumage from snow white in winter to russet brown 
in summer make him always an object of admiration. 

On some of the islands near the coasts are rookeries inhabited by 
thousands of birds, including cormorants, gulls, pufiins, guillemots, 
murres, murrelets, auklets, and petrels. These rookeries are rarely 
visited by white men, but natives often go to them during the nest- 
ing season seeking eggs, which they prize highly as food. 

The exhibit of animals was not made as a unit, but the specimens 
were scattered over the building so as to produce the best decorative 
effect. Mounted specimens of moose, caribou, wolves, bears, moun- 
tain sheep, foxes, and other animals were exhibited in considerable 
numbers. 

During the entire exposition a supply of fresh garden vegetables 
was furnished by growers in Alaska and in imposing display were 
peas, radishes, lettuce, potatoes, cabbages, turnips, parsnips, rhu- 
barb, etc., continually maintained. Wheat, barley, oats, and rye 
were shown in sheaves and in glass jars, and hay of various sorts 
was in abundance. 

The claim would scarcely be justified that Alaska is destined to be 
one of the granaries of the world, though that prophesy was publicly 
made by one of its governors. Nevertheless the extensive showing 
of agricultural products was a revelation to the average visitor. Prof. 
C. C. Georgeson, the special agent in charge of agricultural investiga- 
tion in Alaska, states that approximately one-sixth of the area of the 
district can be utilized for agricultural and grazing purposes. The 
hardy vegetables can be grown in all the valleys even beyond the 
Arctic Circle, and by reason of the long hours of daylight and the 
consequent rapid growth of the vegetables, their crispness and flavor 
is not excelled. Barley and oats are grown successfully in the Yukon 
Valley and along the Tanana, and wheat does reasonably well in both 
localities. Berries grow luxuriantly and to perfection. 
68713°— S. Doc. 671, 61—3 6 



82 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 

The forests of Alaska are extensive and valuable, and an excellent 
display of timber was made, principally of spruce, cedar, hemlock, 
and birch. A section of a spruce tree 6 feet in diameter was shown, 
and another of cedar, 4 feet in diameter. To exhibit manufactured 
lumber a substantial booth was constructed of native woods, well 
shingled, and finished with moldings and similar decorations, all of 
Alaskan manufacture. 

It is inevitable that in the development of new territory having a 
long coast line and large navigable rivers the first means of transpor- 
tation will be water, and that settlement will begin as a fringe along 
the water courses. The development of the interior is a slower 
process, and must be dependent upon the construction of highways 
and the building of railroads. Scarcely more than a beginning has 
been made in this work in Alaska. A few short railroads from the 
coast inland are in operation, and something over 1,100 miles of 
wagon roads and trails have been consti'ucted by the Alaska Eoad 
Commission, but the aggregate of all that has been done is insignificant 
as compared with what the district must have before its real develop- 
ment can begin. 

The principal steamship lines were represented by exhibits, as were 
some of the railroads. The Copper River Railway presented a pano- 
ramic view of the country through which it passes, and showed also 
some of its products. 

The Alaska Road Commission showed reports, maps, etc., to illus- 
trate the work which it has accomplished since its creation in 1905. 
The operations of this commission extend from Ketchikan to Kotze- 
bue Sound, north of Bering Strait, and it has expended an aggregate 
of $1,000,000 appropriated by Congress, and has had at its disposal 
about $100,000 annually derived from certain license receipts in 
Alaska. With this they have built, to the close of 1908, 452 miles of 
wagon road, 397 miles of winter sled road, and 255 miles of trails for 
dog teams and pack animals. 

The natives of Alaska are not all of the same race, but are divided 
into three well-marked groups. Those of the interior are Indians, 
and seem to be of the same stock. The coast natives who live north 
of the Copper River are Eskimo and Aleuts, while those inhabiting 
the shores of southeastern Alaska are Thlingits, with some Hydahs 
and Tsimshians. The three groups differ in their physical charac- 
teristics as well as in their language, modes of living, implements, and 
dress. 

The section of ethnology included numerous specimens from all 
the racial groups, and presented in the aggregate what was probably 
the best collection of the kind ever presented at one time and place. 
Of the several collections that made by Lieut. George T. Emmons, 
United States Navy, retired, was the best in orderly arrangement and 
completeness. It consisted of 2,000 specimens, all from southeastern 
Alaska. Besides this, a number of other collections were exhibited, 
namely, that of J. E. Stanley, of Seattle, in which the majority of 
the specimens were from the Eskimos; that of Miss Grace Nicholson, 
of Los Angeles, Cal., in which basketry held the prominent place; 
and those of Hackman and Konig, of Sherlock, Wash.; Rhodes & 
Co., of Seattle, and Miss Anna G. Lane, of Seward Peninsula. 

The making of such collections is no longer possible, for the coming 
of the white man has deprived the native of liis picturesqueness, and 



ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 83 

has caused the native implements and garments made so laboriously, 
to be supplanted by factory-made tools and clothing from the States. 
The collections previously made gain tremendously in value and interest 
from that fact. To the tourist of the present time most of the articles 
shown were as unknown as to those who had never seen Alaska, so 
completely have the old things disappeared. 

The exhibits in the education section were collected principally 
by or through the instrumentahty of women's clubs or auxiliaries, 
which were described on a previous page. 

Eleven incorporated towns in the District maintain graded schools, 
which are supported by local funds. Schools for white children out- 
side the incorporated towns are supported from the "Alaska fund," 
derived from liquor and trade licenses, one-fourth of which is devoted 
to the establishment and maintenance of pubhc schools. There are 
21 of these. Schools for natives are under the direction of the Secre- 
tary of the Interior, who administers them through the Commissioner 
of Education. There are at present 78 of them. 

Eighteen of the Government schools, 9 of the graded town schools, 
and a number of the smaller schools outside of the towns were repre- 
sented by exhibits. The character of the work shown was, in view of 
the conditions prevailing, highly creditable. It is not to be expected 
that the educational conditions of long estabhshed communities 
will be found in a pioneer region, and it should be cause for congratu- 
lation that the schools of Alaska have done so well under adverse 
circumstances. Similarly, it can not be said that Alaska, which 
was practically unpeopled fifteen years ago, and whose total popula- 
tion now is less than that of a city ward, can justly lay claim to status 
as an art center. But the pictures exhibited did show a yearning for 
the esthetic side of life that is surprising. The water colors by 
Theo. Richardson were creditable, and some of the work of amateur 
painters showed much of latent talent. t> 

The women's work shown in this section was substantially s imil ar 
to the work of their sisters that was exhibited in the several State 
buildings on the grounds. It embraced embroidery, laces, basketry, 
rug weaving, and a thousand kinds of fancy work dear to the feminine 
heart, the uses and even the names of which are as a sealed book to the 
average man. 

An exhibit of great value which could not be classified in any of the 
preceding sections was the large map that hung by the side of the 
main entrance. It was the work of the drafting division of the 
General Land Office, of which Mr. Ithamar P. Berthrong is chief. 
Every possible source of information was drawn upon to make it 
thoroughly accurate and complete, and in mechanical execution it 
was well nigh faultless. It is not exaggeration to say that the map 
was the best map that has ever been produced of Alaska. It received 
a grand prize at the hands of the jury of awards, which indicates the 
value placed upon it by those who are competent to judge of such 
work. 

Another map of similar size from the same source hung in the 
corresponding position on the other side of the entrance. This map 
showed the relative sizes of Alaska and continental United States by 
superimposing the one upon the other, the scale being the same. This 
clearly showed the immense area of Alaska, for Portland Canal, which 
forms the southeastern boundary of Alaska, rested in the vicinity of 



84 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 

Savannah, Ga. ; Cape Wrangell, the western extremity of the Aleutian 
Islands, lay near the CaUfornia coast, and Cape Barrow, Alaska's 
farthest point north, was in Minnesota. 

As an effective means of dispelluig the prevalent idea of Alaska as 
a land of snow and ice, it was determined at an early date to present a 
parge panorama showing a typical Alaskan landscape, and introducing 
representations of the principal industries of the District. Gates and 
•Morange, scenic artists of New York City, were employed for the 
work, and Mr. Morange was sent to Alaska to make the needed 
sketches and to secure other data as might be necessary. A semi- 
circular space with a diameter of 90 feet in the southwest comer of the 
budding was set aside for the purpose, the space extending without 
obstruction from 15 feet below the floor level to 25 feet above it. The 
construction was after the manner of stage scenery. A back drop 
140 feet long contained the background; the middle distance was 
made up of painted flies, low sections, and wings, and the foregroimd 
consisted of natural objects, the whole being so arranged that transi- 
tion from one to the other was not apparent to the observer when the 
lights were burning. These were not visible, being placed above a 
canopy over the viewing platform. 

The completed panorama was a representation not of any particular 
locality, but a composite of views to be found in a number of places, 
the plan being to portray southeastern Alaska rather than any 
individual scene. In the background were snow-capped mountains; 
a fiord, hke Lynn Canal, was across the center of the picture and upon 
it ocean steamers moved; beyond the fiord was a representation of 
the great Treadwell mine and its famous "Glory Hole," and nearby 
was a thriving town; well apart lay a native village with its charac- 
teristic row of narrow, gabled houses, and elsewhere in the picture 
was a hydrauhc giant and its accompanying equipment for sluicing, 
miners panning gold, a railroad train passing through a tunnel, a dog 
team, a farmer plowing a field, a horseman, and other objects and 
scenes familiar to Alaskans. The area of the whole was great enough 
to prevent the appearance of incongruity from bringing so many 
diverse scenes into a single picture. The best proof that the artists 
were successful in making a reahstic scene that was not overdone is the 
fact that the persons who were most emphatic in its praise were 
Alaskans, who at once recognized the significance of the several 
features. 

The fighting effects added greatly to the attractiveness of the work. 
When the spectator was admitted to the platform broad daylight 
prevailed. Gradually evening came and twilight softened the scene. 
Then the moon rose behind the distant mountains and her silvery 
light brought out new beauties of the landscape. After a time the 
moon was lost in the clouds, the rays of the approaching sun lit up 
the scene with the reds of early morning, and by degrees full day was 
on again. 

The entire work was a gratifying success from an artistic standpoint, 
and so attractive was it that it was with great difficulty that all who 
wished to see it could be accommodated. And none who saw it 
could fail to realize that the jeers at "Seward's ice box" were without 
foundation. 



AliASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 85 

HAWAUAN EXHIBIT. 

The same preliminary steps which have been described in connec- 
tion with the Alaskan exhibit were taken for the exhibit of Hawaii in 
the interval between the passage of the act of Congress providing for 
an appropriation and the full compliance with its provisions by the 
exposition company. 

The general plan of the exhibit had been drawn and approved by 
the Secretary of the Interior, and the personnel of the commission 
had been pra-ctically determined before the appropriation was actually 
available. When the notification to that effect was received from the 
Secretary of the Treasury it was only necessary to make the formal 
appointments and proceed with actual work. 

The organization for the Hawaiian exhibit differed materially from 
that for the Alaskan. Alaska covers an immense area and is but 
sparsely inhabited. The centers of population are widely separated, 
communication between them is slow and uncertain, and they are 
not in any sense interdependent. In consequence, there is little 
community of interest between the residents of the several towns. 
Under such circumstances it was deemed advisable to appoint a single 
commissioner to administer the entire exhibit. Hawaii, on the con- 
trary, is of small area, and is comparatively well settled. From the 
extreme western coast of Niihau to the easternmost point of the 
island of Hawaii is a distance of less than the length of the State of 
Virginia, while Alaska extends over nearly as many miles from east 
to west as the whole continental United States. Hawaiians have 
long been accustomed to concerted action, and communication 
between them is prompt and regular. It seemed appropriate, there- 
fore, to constitute a board of commissioners instead of a single officer 
to handle the affairs of the Hawaiian exhibit. The board consisted 
of James F. Morgan, chairman; Winfred H. Babbitt; Alfred W. 
Carter; John N. S. Wilhams; and Augustus F. Knudsen. 

Because of ill-health, Mr. Morgan gave up the chairmanship on 
March 3, 1909, and the duties of the position were assumed by Mr. 
Knudsen. Otherwise the board remained unchanged to the end of 
the exposition. The members were representative men in every 
respect, and were chosen by the governor, Hon. W. F. Frear, who 
wrote concerning them : 

Mr. Morgan, the chairman, is president of the Honolulu Chamber of Commerce, and 
a very live man; Mr. Babbitt is Territorial superintendent of public instruction; Mr. 
Carter, a lawyer and ex-judge, is now manager of the largest cattle and sheep ranch in 
the Territory, on the Island of Hawaii, which he is conducting on most scientific lines, 
and is an especially good man ; Mr. Williams is an engineer, formerly manager of the 
iron worlis in Honolulu, now manager of a railroad on the island of Maui; Mr. Knudsen 
is a civil engineer by profession but has ranch, sugar, rice, honey, and other interests 
on the island of Kauai. 

The commissioners met and organized without undue delay, and 
Mr. H. P. Wood, secretary of the chamber of commerce, was chosen 
secretary. Later, on the recommendation of the board, Mr. Loyd 
Childs was appointed special agent and special disbursing agent. 

Other pubUc spirited men were called upon for assistance, and 
committees were designated to take charge of the proposed branches 
of the exhibit, as follows: Topography and education — Commissioner 
Babbitt ; geology and zoology — Mr. Montague Cooke ; agriculture and 



86 ALASKA-yUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 

forestry — Dr. E. V. Wilcox and Mr. Ralph Hosmer; history and eth- 
nology — Prof. W. D. Alexander; social economy — Commissioner 
Knudsen; transportation — Commissioner Williams, Mr. J. A. Ken- 
nedy, and Mr. George P. Dennison; manufacture, trade, and com- 
merce — the Honolulu Chamber of Commerce. 

Other committees were appointed to look after special subjects, 
namely: Art and photography — Mr. A. Gartley, chairman, Mr. 
D. H. Hitchcock, Mr. R. K. Bonine, Mr. Roscoe Perkins; sisal — Mr. 
Wm. Weinrich, chairman, Mr. W. C. Weedon; pineapples — Mr. W. B. 
Thomas, chairman, Mr. C. G. Wliite, Mr. J. D. Dole; tobacco — 
Mr. Jared G. Smith; rubber — Mr. Fred Waterhouse, Mr. Wm. Wil- 
liamson; coffee, Mr. George Rodiek, Mr. Abe Louisson; rice, Mr. 
F. G. Krauss; fresh fruit and vegetables — Mr. G. P. Wilder; honey — 
Bee Men's Association; fish — Mrs. B. F. Dillingham; stock raising — 
Stock Breeders' Association; island woods — Mr. L. A. Thurston. 

The building assigned to the exhibit was a handsome one on the 
main court of the exposition, facing the Alaska building and adjoining 
the main Government building. It afforded 19,000 square feet of 
floor space, and contained commodious offices, reception rooms for 
men and women, toilet rooms, and storage, space. A portion of the 
south side was given to the biograph hall under the control of the 
Government board of managers, but so far from being a detriment 
that exhibit proved an additional means of attracting visitors to the 
exhibits of Hawaii. 

It was realized from the beginning that the amount appropriated 
by the Federal Congress, namely, $25,000, would be wholly inadequate 
to prepare such an exhibit as was desired. Indeed, the language of 
the act clearly showed that the framers contemplated that this 
amount would be merely an aid to the people of Hawaii, and that 
the main body of exliibit funds should be derived from other sources. 
Active steps, therefore, were taken to secure an appropriation from 
the legislature of Hawaii, and to interest private exhibitors, the latter 
of which was anticipated in the provision of the Federal statute that 
no charge should be made for space for such exhibits. 

In both directions the efforts were successful. The Territorial 
legislature appropriated the full $25,000 asked, contributions were 
made by the pineapple, sugar, coffee, and banana interests, and 
exhibits from a number of manufacturers and commercial concerns 
were arranged. 

The Pineapple Growers' Association were the first to signify their 
purpose of making an effective display and to contribute a liberal 
fund therefor. The showing they made was such as to overshadow 
any other single exhibit in the building. Nearly all of one side of the 
space was occupied by handsome "koa" tables, at wliich visitors 
were served 'ndth delicious pineapple such as only Hawaii can produce. 
A nominal charge of 10 cents for each plate was made, in order to make 
it possible to serve all who wished to be served and to keep out the 
undesirables who always flock about places at which anything is 
distributed gratuitously. Without this charge the expense of distri- 
bution would have been prohibitive; with it, as many as could 
possibly be served in comfort were enabled to test the quality of the 
fruit, and the receipts were sufficient to pay practically all the costs 
of material and attendance. The attractiveness of the exhibit was 
enhanced by the daintiness of the service, which was performed by 



ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 87 

Hawaiian girls of good families who were under the careful chape- 
ronage of Mrs. Will J. Cooper. The girls were in themselves an 
excellent exhibit for Hawaii, for their beauty, amiability, and lady- 
like demeanor made a deep impression and gave to visitors a favorable 
idea of the cultivation of the better class of the natives. Near the 
tables and marking the Umits of the space of this exhibit was what 
seemed to be a gigantic pineapple 15 feet high; it was made up of 
fresh fruit arranged in proper form, with palms at the top to simulate 
the branching leaves of the genuine article. 

The sugar interests were represented by an extensive exhibit of 
canes and of sugar and sirups in the various processes of manufacture. 
All this was set forth in the "sugar palace," which was nothing more 
or less than a reproduction m brown sugar of the palace occupied by 
the kings of Hawaii before the American annexation. Tliis proved 
to be a particularly attractive exhibit, not only because of its novelty 
but because of its toothsome qualities. It is needless to say that it 
was badly defaced before the exposition was done. 

Coffee was exhibited in the same manner as pineapples — by serving 
it to all comers at a nominal price. This was also a success, although 
it naturally did not prove to be as striking a feature as the pineapple, 
for good coffee is decidedly less of a novelty to the American public 
than good pineapple. 

Hawaii is particularly rich in hard woods, and an excellent display 
of forestry was made. Wing frames containing specimens of foUage, 
sections of woods, and photographs of trees were supplemented bj;- 
specimens of wood polished and unpolished. Several manufacturers 
of furniture also made exhibits, principally of tables, chairs, and 
other household equipment made of "koa," the Hawaiian mahogany, 
and of "monkey pot," a species of the myrtle family, these being 
apparently the woods most favored for the purpose by Hawaiians. 

Among the first matters discussed and settled by the board of 
commissioners was the construction of a large relief map representing 
the islands, in which models of the islands themselves should be 
made of plaster of Paris, properly lettered and colored, and set in 
a tank of real water. As finally constructed this map was the central 
feature of the building, occupying a space 50 feet long directly in front 
of the main entrance. The bottom of the tank was colored so as to 
give the water a realistic ocean tint, and the effect was quite striking. 
It was designed and executed by Mr. Willis T. Pope, and its accuracy 
and completeness as a map was the subject of much favorable 
comment. 

In addition to the relief map a large wall map of the islands, made 
by draftsmen in the United States Geological Survey under the 
direction of Mr. A. F. Hassan, was displayed. A similar map showing 
Hawaii as the "Crossroads of the Pacific" accompanied it. 

Perhaps the most striking of the Hawaiian exhibits, namely, fish, 
were not shown in the building assigned to the Territory, but in the 
main Government building, in the tanks of the National Fish Com- 
mission. The brilliant coloring and fantastic shapes of the tropical 
fish made this an exhibit of peculiar interest to the people of the 
Northwest, accustomed as they are to the modest colors of the 
salmon, halibut, and cod. Extraordinaiy pains were taken in trans- 
porting the fish, and great care had to be exercised in maintaining 



88 ALASKA-YDKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 

them during the exposition. The collection was made by Mr. Fred- 
erick A. Potter, superintendent of the aquarium in Honolulu, and 
he personally accompanied them to Seattle, laboring with unremitting 
watchfulness to maintain the same temperature in the water as that 
to which the fish had been accustomed, and otherwise to prevent 
changes that would destroy their lives. About a hundred speci- 
mens were safely transported, and the majority of them were alive 
and in good condition at the close of the exposition — a result due to 
the care and skill of Capt. Harron and his assistants in charge of the 
fisheries exhibit. 

Commissioner Babbitt was eminently successful in his specialty, 
the school exhibit. The material was installed in a series of alcoves 
on the eastern side of the building and comprised, in addition to the 
familiar written exercises and manual training work of the conti- 
nental schools, a great variety of industrial work peculiar to the 
islands, namely, weaving, bead work, lei maldng, etc. Mr. Charles 
E. King installed and cared for the exhibit, assisted by Misses Frances 
Lawrence, Lorna laukea, and Maude Woods, all teachers of the 
islands. 

A growing industry in Hawaii is the cultivation and manufacture 
of sisal. The quality of this product is unexcelled, and it is con- 
fidently expected that Hawaii will in time supplant Central America 
as the main source of supply of that important fiber. The exhibit 
consisted of a booth constructed of the stalks of the plant, and 
thatched with the fiber; inside were shown cordage and other manu- 
factured articles in considerable quantity. 

The cultivation of rice is also an industry which bids fair to increase 
in importance in Hawaii. An interesting exhibit was made of it at 
Seattle, consisting of an actually growing field behind which was a 
panoramic painting showing the characteristic background of a 
typical rice plantation. Sheaves of the matured plant and specimens 
of the grains in glass jars completed the exhibit. 

Bananas hung in great clusters on a stand near the center of the 
building, and the supply was maintained throughout nearly the whole 
season. A pyramid of coconuts about 15 feet high was near, and 
that, too, was maintained, though of course with less frequent changes 
than the bananas and the pineapples. 

Other characteristic tropical fruits, like mangoes, guavas, "alli- 
gator pears," or avocados, were exhibited in abundance, and "poi," 
the favorite Hawaiian dish, was shown in its various stages from the 
taro root to the prepared food, with the boards and other implements 
and vessels used in the process. 

Honey is another product which was considered of sufficient impor- 
tance to be featured by a special exhibit. A small house was con- 
structed of beeswax, and specimens of excellent honej', both strained 
and in the comb, were effectively displayed. 

In the class of ethnologj' the exhibits consisted of a large collection 
of calabashes, poi dishes, and the like, belonging to Mr. Frank 
McCandless; a collection of specimens of old Hawaiian implements, 
utensils, ornaments, and clothing, and 48 fine photographs of Ha- 
waiian types by Mrs. CaroUne H. Gurrey. 

In art the exhibit was surprisingly strong, and the south wall of 
the building was covered with oil paintings and water colors done 
with no mean ability. The work of Mr. Hitchcock, of which there 



ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 89 

were several examples, was especially good. The decoration of the 
building was effectively accomphshed by the free use of pahns and 
tropical plants, by festooning the walls with "leis" and bunting of the 
Hawaiian royal color, orange, and by numerous enlarged photographs 
of island scenes. These, with the preponderance of material char- 
acteristic of the Tropics, produced a decorative effect that was novel 
and satisfying. Coupled vfiih this novelty of appearance the impres- 
sion of pleasing strangeness was heightened by the plaintive melodies 
of a group of native singers and instrumentahsts under the leader- 
ship of Mr. Ernest Kaai, one of the best known musicians in Hono- 
lulu. They sang almost constantly, and soon became one of the 
most popular attractions on the grounds. Visitors never seemed 
to tire of their music, and one song especially, "Aloha Oe," the 
Hawaiian dirge, was demanded over and over every day. The 
amiabihty of the singers in courteously acceding to such frequent 
requests was a source of gratification to those in charge of the 
buUding. 

The commissioners laid great stress upon the importance of lec- 
tures, illustrated by motion pictures, and they utilized the Biograph 
HaU as fuUy as it was possible to do so. The chairman himself 
dehvered lectures almost daily, and he was assisted in the work by 
Mr. Childs and Mi'. Will J. Cooper. The motion pictures they used 
were of unusual interest and of remarkable excellence. They were 
made by Mr. R. K. Bonine. The most noteworthy were the series 
covering a trip to the crater of Kilauea, the famous volcano on the 
island of Hawaii. The scenery en route and the modes of convey- 
ance were well shown, but the views of the molten lava in the crater 
itself were undoubtedly among the most remarkable that have ever 
been made. The night scenes were particularly fine, and the glowing 
lava fields were shown with marvelous distinctness. The difficulties 
encountered in making the pictures were extraordinary. The camera 
was taken into such close proximity to the lava that it was necessary 
to protect both instrument and operator from heat by specially 
devised asbestos screens. 

Besides the volcanic pictures there were shown surf riding, the 
favorite sport of the Hawaiians, in which the participant swims far 
out into the ocean and is brought in by the waves, standing erect upon 
a simple board about 6 feet long; boating, with the use of the pecuhar 
Hawaiian outrigger propeUed by paddles; coasting upon large palm 
leaves down shppery grass-covered precipices; swimming and bath- 
ing scenes at Waikiki; floral parades; a royal funeral (that of Prince 
David); and other characteristic Hawaiian scenes. 

The information booth under the charge of Mr. WiU J. Cooper was 
made an effective means of disseminating data relating to the islands. 
Great quantities of attractive hterature were provided and it was 
distributed assiduously and intelhgently. 



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I 



i 



EXHIBIT OF PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 



Under supervision of the Secretary of War. 



91 



PHUiippnra; exhibit. 

The exhibit showed not onty what the Filipinos were, and what 
Philippine agriculture and commerce were, under Spanish rule, but 
also what they were in 1909 under American influence. It indicated 
the progress made in the Philippines in the ten years of American occu-- 
pation, despite calamities, and it suggested the future prosperity of 
the Philippine people is to be hmited only by the great productive 
capacity of the islands. 

The first section of the exhibit showed the primitive peoples. Here 
were seen actual reproductions of Negrito and Igorot huts ■with accom- 
panying life-size figures represented in the work of making fire, carry- 
ing baskets of food, cleaning rice, and weaving. 

The second section of the exhibit led from these most primitive 
tribes through the Moro and other lesser tribes to the Tagalog and 
Visayan groups, the most highly civihzed of the Malayan Christian 
Filipinos. The many cases were filled mth metal work, pottery, and 
basketry, and with beautiful cloths woven from hemp, pineapple 
fiber, and silk; the pillars carrying weapons of many kinds, fishing 
and hunting outfits, busts of natives, and relief maps showing the 
localities occupied in the islands by each tribe. 

Colored transparencies conveying a vivid description of the Fili- 
pinos and their activities surrounded the entire haU in a bamboo 
treUis above the cases and some distance from the walls of the build- 
ing. The pictures not only brought the people definitely before the 
eye, but gave to a certain extent the atmosphere of the islands, 
showing the beauty of Philippine forests and rivers, the picturesque- 
ness of the rice terraces that cover the mountain slopes, the diffi- 
culties of the mountain trails, and the sweep of typhoons over pahns 
and sea. 

There were also many other decorative effects which tended to 
give unity and meaning to the exhibition. Fish nets and hemp fiber 
connected the pillars to shut off a middle aisle, an open space except 
for seats constructed of Phihppine woods and bamboo and of the 
stocks formerly in use in the market places of Manila. At the center 
of the hall a rotunda was made of large Phihppine palm trunks, around 
which were stacked surrendered Fihpino guns. Swung conspicu- 
ously in the center of this rotunda was one of the pecuhar outrigger 
boats used in the far East, and seated therein was a model of a Moro 
youth, paddle in hand. 

The third and fourth sections of the exhibit illustrated the Pliihp- 
pines under American influence, the former covering agricultural and 
commercial life, the latter, educational and pohtical. 

A good example of Filipino workmanship was shown in a punch 
bowl made from a Taclobo shell mounted on a silver base with sup- 
porting mermaids and fish, and a silver and gilt cofiEee and tea service 

93 



94 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIPIC EXPOSITION. 

comprising coffee, tea, sugar and milk urns and sugar and tea spoons. 
All these articles were manufactured by native workmen in tlie 
atelier of a jeweler and silversmith in the city of Manila. 

Another good example of the progress made by the Fihpinos 
in the arts and crafts was shown in the elaborately carved pieces of 
bed and dining room furniture, all of which were made of hard wood 
found in the islands and carved by native workmen. 

Philippine forests contain 665 kinds of trees and cover 48,112,920 
acres. This fact was emphasized by a wainscoting of Philippine 
woods surrounding the entire exhibition hall, representing the 
largest and most authoritative collection in the world. 

The exhibit of mineral resources of the islands contained a number 
of splendid specimens of gold nuggets, gold bearing quartz, iron and 
copper ore, etc. 

Samples of Philippine coal, which promises to be sufficient in the 
future for the needs of the islands, were also shown. 

One case contained samples of work of the FiUpino cliildren in 
the public schools; giving evidence of the splendid progress which 
has been made under American rule. 

The extensive pearl-sheU fisheries of the Philippine Islands were 
represented in a collection of pearl objects, consisting in part of a 
chess table inlaid vdih mother-of-pearl and a complete set of chessmen 
also of mother-of-pearl ; a box with ten trays, aU inlaid with mother- 
of-pearl, each tray containing 50 poker chips aU of mother-of-pearl 
and in different colors — white, blue, red, and orange; a number of 
mother-of-pearl brooches, belt buckles, hatpins, watch fobs, bracelets, 
match stands, hairpins, salt dishes, and spoons, etc. 

There were exhibited cigars, safety matches, jeUies, biscuits, 
colored cement floor and roofing tiles, and straw hats, as a part of 
the commercial exhibits from the islands. 

Another interesting exhibit graphically depictiag the principal 
imports and exports of the islands was shown in one of the cases. 
In the center of this exhibit was a rehef map of the islands with the 
ports of entry shown thereon. From one side of the map arrows 
pointing away from the islands showed the exports while on the other 
side arrows pointing toward the islands indicated the imports. 
Attached to each arrow was a representation in miniature of the 
article imported or exported, as, for example, a straw hat, a package 
of cigars and cigarettes, a bale of hemp, a bottle of wine, a steer, etc. 
Cards were also attached to the respective arrows showing the value 
of the article represented. 

Many of the exhibits were displayed in handsome plate-glass 
show cases. 

The total number of visitors to the Philippine building during the 
fife of the exposition was 578,694, or a daily average of 4,862 persons. 



GOYERNMENT EXHIBITS. 



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41 



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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND UNITED STATES NATIONAL M USEU M— N EG R I TO ijHOUP. 



I 

I 



i:rTDEX. 



A. 

Agriculture, Department of, exhibits: Page. 

Description of 47 

Represented by 47 

Space assigned for 47 

Aid, Government, specially limited 13 

Alaska: 

Allotment of space in buildings 12 

Exhibits from, appropriations for, and expenses of 11 

Coast Steamship Co., exhibit 20 

Garnet Mining & Manufacturing Co. of Minneapolis, exhibit 20 

Gold nuggets, etc., exhibition of 20 

Ivory carvers, native, exhibition of 20 

Mineral resources exhibit 77 

Pacific Steamship Co., exhibit 20 

Alaskan exhibits: 

Description of 75 

Officials in chaige of 75 

Appropriation: 

Not available until exposition has obtained $1,000,000 12 

And plans for buildings 12 

For Government exhibit 11 

Of $200,000 for Government exhibit- 
Allotment to each department 16 

Rules for disbursement 15 

Army and Navy officers received no compensation except traveling expenses 

and a per diem in lieu of subsistence 17 

Articles: 

May be imported 10 

Sold, duty on 10 

Awards and diplomas; list furnished of those entitled to 24 

B. 
Biograph exhibit: 

Description of 70 

(J. C. Boykin in charge) where made 17 

Board ; entire membership meeting held in Seattle, May 17, 1909 21 

Board of managers, report of 9 

Buildings: 

Allotment of space in 12 

Appropriation .and plans for 12 

Closed when President of the United States' party visited 23 

Description of main 14 

Description of, for Alaska exhibit 14 

Description of, for Hawaii exhibit 14 

DescriptioD of, for life-saving exhibit 14 

Description of, for Philippine exhibit 14 

Disposal of, at close 12 

Erected, description of 14 

For Government exhibit, contract let for $218,832.69; separate contract for 

life-saving station building, $6,720 19 

Hours of opening 21 

Space allotted to each department of the Government 15 

Bureau of American Republics, special appropriation $3,000 for exhibit of 19 

By-laws adopted by the board 15 

68713°— S. Doc. 671, 61-3 7 97 



98 INDEX. 

C. Page. 

Closing exercises; description of 24 

Coining press 12 

Commerce and Labor, Department of: 

Exhibits, description of - 58 

Exhibits represented by 58 

Committee on condemnation: 

For appraising property abandoned by departments at close .' 23, 24 

Report showing receipts amounting to $69.50 24 

D. 
Department: 

Representatives to cooperate with Government board of managers, names. . 14 
Exhibits — 

Character 10 

Reports in detail 27 

Departments: 

Power and water for each 17, 18 

Space allotted for exhibits of each 15 

Dies for commemorative medal 12 

Diplomas and awards; list furnished of those entitled to 24 

Disbm'sement of the $200,000 appropriated for Government exhibit, rules gov- 
erning 15 

Disbursing officer, provision 11 

Drinking fountain and toilet rooms 23 

E. 

Electric power, etc 12 

Employees: 

Number of, and salaries to be fixed by the board 15 

Pay of 11 

Transportation of, exclusion rates 20 

Engi'avings and medals, official, stamped on coining press, given away on ex- 
hibitors' day 23 

Exei-cises incident to opening, June 1, 1909, where held, officials present, etc.. 22 
Exhibitors' day, on, copies of official engravings and medals stamped on coin- 
ing press given away 23 

Exhibits by departments 27 

Exhibits fully completed previous to opening of exposition 21, 22 

Expenditures, statement of, made from appropriation forGovernment exhibit, 

to and including March 31, 1910 (table) 72 

Exposition: 24 

Closing exercises of, description 24 

Names of some distinguished visitors who visited 22 

F. 

Fish aquarium 11 

Freight rates, for transportation of exhibits 19, 20 

G. 

Geddes, William E., Government board of managers, member of, and secretary.. 14 
Government board of managers; 

Allowances 11 

Duties and composition of 10 

Government building, dome illuminated with electric flag at expense of 

S24,000 23 

Government exhibit (provision for, act May 27, 1908): 

Aid to exposition specially limited 13 

Alaska and Hawaii, exhibits from, appropriation for, and expenses of 11 

Appropriation 11 

Appropriations not available till exposition has obtained $1,000,000. ..... 12 

Articles maybe imported 10 

Buildings 12 

Allotment of space in Alaska, Hawaii, and Philippine Islands 12 

Appropriation and plans for 12 

Disposal of, at close 12 



■ INDEX. 99 

Government exhibit — Continued. Page. 

Coining press at , 12 

Department exhibit, character 10 

Details, permitted 11 

Dies for commemorative medal 12 

Disbursing officer H 

Duty on articles sold 10 

Electric power, etc 12 

Fish aquarium 11 

Government b5ard of managers — 

Allowances ll 

Duties and composition of 10 

Liability in excess of appropriation, disclaimed 13 

Liability of United States limited to Government exhibit 12 

Life-saving exhibit 11 

Limit of expenses 11 

Materials for souvenirs 12 

Pay of employees 11 

Philippine Islands exhibits, appropriation and expenses of 11 

Sales, approved by Secretary of Treasiu-y 12 

Sales permitted 10 

Smithsonian Institution and National Museum exhibit 10 

United States not liable for acts of exposition corporation 13 

Government exhibit: 

Allotment to each department from $200,000 appropriated 16 

Care and operation of, appointees for 21 

Taken charge of, by secretary and disbursing officer (resolution) 20, 21 

Building, rules and regulations as to hours of opening, smoking prohibited, 

etc 21 

H. 

Hawaii : 

Allotment of space in buildings 12 

Exhibits from, appropriations for, and expenses of 11 

Hawaiian exhibits: 

Description of 85 

Officials in charge of 85 

I. 

Interior Department exhibits: 

Description of 40 

Space assigned for 40 

Intoxicants, absence of, from the grounds 23 

J. 
Justice, Department of, exhibits: 

Description of 35 

Space assigned for : 35 

L. 

Liability in excess of appropriation disclaimed 13 

Liability of United States limited to Government exhibit 12 

Life-saving exhibit 11 

Life-saving station: 

Daily drills 22, 23 

Buildings, separate contract for, $6,720 19 



Medal, dies for commemorative 12 

N. 

Navy Department exhibits, description of 39 

0. 

Opening of exposition, exercises incident to 22 

Opening of exposition by President Taft touching button from White House. . 22 



100 INDEX. 

P. 

Faee. 

Passes, photograph, issued for employees 21 

Philippine Islands; 

Allotment of space in buildings 12 

Exhibits — 

Appropriation and expenses of 11 

Description of 93 

Plans for buildings for Government exhibit " 19 

Post office, a model, space assigned for , 19 

Post Office Department exhibits: 

Description of ■ 38 

Represented by 38 

Space assigned for 38 

President of the United States; buildings closed when his party inspected 23 

President Taft opened exposition from "WTiite House by touching button 22 

R. 

Ravenel, W. de C, Government board of managers, member of 14 

S. 

Sales: 

Approved by Secretary of Treasury 12 

Permitted 10 

Schools of Seattle and adjacent towns, personally conducted tours to 23 

Smithsonian Institution and National Museum exhibits; 

Appropriation for 10 

Description of .■ 67 

Souvenirs, materials for 12 

State Department exhibits; 

Description of ; 27, 28, 29 

Officers designated to prepare and install 27 

Space assigned for 27 

Subscriptions, outside, required by act of Congress, complied with — aggregating 

over 51,450,412 13 

T. 

Transformer room 20 

Transmittal by President Taft, letter of 3 

Transmittal by board of managers, letter of 5 

Transportation of employees, excursion rates 20 

Transportation of exhibits 19, 20, 23 

Freight rates 19, 20 

Treasury Department exhibits: 

Description of 30 

Offices represented .' 29 

Space assigned for 29 

U. 

United States not liable for acts of exposition corporation 13 

V. 

Visit of the board to exposition grounds 19 

W. 

War Department exhibits, description of 33 

Water and power for Government exhibit — for each department 17, 18 

White Pass & Yukon Railway Co. of Alaska, exhibit 20 

Wilson, Jesse E. , Government board of managers, selected as chairman 14 

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